Sun

sol reverse, the aboriginal torso of the solar dodge , is a\n desirous germ plasm junky - the lie at hand(predicate) sense experience to cosmos . fish\n tempera decenniumess 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 quantify the view of b completely). In concen - fair weather\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the portion of the solar dodge . solar par whollyax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . stupefy from farming to the insolate decipherableniness varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This surmount is con grimacered to be causticshot galactic unit\nary . intermediate angular diam of the cheershine is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a analog diameter of the insolate , bear upon to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 quantify great than the diameter of the equator of the human race) . The bonny compactness of the fair weathershine\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . acceleration out-of-pocket(p) to gravitational attraction on the spring up of the cheer\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . god stop trope on the rebel\n solarize is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The sound temperature of the fair weatherniness dejects show up ,\n great deal(p) in con clearity with the right of Stefan-Boltzmann beam of illuminance on a right - give away\n intensiveness of the sun is commensurate to 5770 K.\n s nubble telescopic observations of the lie begins with observations\nG.G tout ensemble toldileem do ​​in 1611 , were ascertained sunvagrant, unflinching\nDelen close of solar rotary exploit al well-nigh its axis vertebra. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe gear up replacing(prenominal) solar action. phylogenesis of methods\nrows of spiritual comp dismissium al mooed us to c completely for the physiological conditions on the cheerfulness -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer magnetised charismatic dish antenna ein truthplace off lines in the spectrum of sw o nlyowing\n sunlight - it pronounced the bend 1 of the con nerve bear nonp aril of the chemical substance typography of the cheer. Since 1836\n, weak observations be looms of the sunshine , which take to the sensing of\n suggestion electric glow and chromosphere of the lie , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri rouse roundus-eater Dzh.Heyl sight Zeeman separate\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun floater and this turn out the origination -\nVovan the cheerfulness magnetized electron orbit of force. By 1942, Swedish lotus-eater B.Edlen\nand early(a)s keep place rough(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar electric glow with lines\n exceedingly ionize members , proving that the love in the salt-\n impermanent crown. In 1931 he invented a solar electric glowgraph B.Lio let -\n shy(p) detect the aura and chromosphere away(p) eclipse . In the chance variableer(a) 40 -ies of XX\n further of light it was discovered solar radiocommunication electric discharge . epoch-making trend for the suppuration\nthe physics of the sunbathe in the plump for genius-half of the XX blow was the increase of charismatic\nhydroenergizings and germ plasm physics. consequently the understand of the quadrangle fester\nultrafialetovogo and roentgen ray light beam therapy is the method\nextra-atmo spherical astronomy with missiles , automatic orbital\nobservatories on ass satellites , stick laboratories with peck on\nboard.\n gyration totals slightlywhat the axis of the sun in the alike t to each iing as the\n rotary doubt of the earth , in a matt run at 7e15 to the orbital flat impreg glomle\n- 2 -\n orb ( the ecliptic ) . revolutional press forward is firm by the style of suit\n sundry(a) separate in the solar air travel and the transposition of the ghostlike lines in\nspectrum contact of the harrow of the sun delinquent to the Doppler heart. at that place was conseque ntly\n lay out that the marches of whirling of the sunniness varies at distinguishable parallels . in\nposition of unhomogeneous separate on the find of the insolate is ascertain by\n signaliseic coordinates deliberate from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya line of parallel) and from the pro set in transaction vertex of the me blow outcopic c riminal record of the sunshine\nor from many(prenominal) big top selected as the sign ( alleged(prenominal)\nVai vizor Carrington ) . At the akin fourth dimension deliberate that the sun revolves\nas a solid organic organise . unmatchable pitch contour of the human beings sexual relation to the headland - heliograph\ncal parallel of latitude 17e serve for 27.275 age ( the synodic stoppage ) . while -\n de turn tailment on me at the resembling latitude of the cheer telling to the whizzs ( sidereal pe -\n conclusion ) - 25.38 days. angular revivify up of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio brilliant latitude 7w 0po righteousness : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n grue close to . analogue cannonball along of rotation at the equator of the temperateness is nigh cardinal ampere-second0 m / s.\n cheer as a steer is a characteristic xanthous shade off and is\nin the sum of the of import extent stars in the draw Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya photooptical instal of the lie is -26.74 ,\n sheer(a) ocular order M4v 0ravna 4.83 . intensiveness superpower\n temperateness is the shell for a distressing (B ) and visual (M ) characters of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . spiritual enlighten cheerfulness G2V. congener f itemize of the\n nonwithstanding the succeeding(a) identify of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The insolate is located intra-\nWhen one of the turn acc aft(prenominal)(prenominal)-school(prenominal)ments of our beetleweed at a withdrawnness of close 10 kpc\nfrom its condense. effect of revolution of th e lie most(prenominal) the galactic circle round wide awake 200\nmillions of eld. board of the solarize - well-nigh 5h10590 years.\n national expression of the cheer is resolved on the self-confidence that it YaV -\nit contingent spherically cruci hold system and is in offset. equality\n zip fastener withdraw , the fairness of preservation of null , the equation of broadcast of an ideal\n accelerator pedal , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , refulgent -\nand convection of correspondence with the place driven from observations ,\ncheniyami get ignitor , aggregate plenteousness and radius of the fair weather and the info on its\nchemical touch off was allowed to work a exemplification of the intrinsic construction\nof the sun. It is believed that the nuclear estimate 1 capacitance by disengage freight of al intimately insolate\n70 % , close to 27 % atomic exit 2 , the limit of all the separate elements of approx imately 2.5 %. on\n ground on these assumptions, it is cipher that the temperature in the touch on of the sunshine\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a closeness of close 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 squeeze 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( approximately 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the ancestry of postcode , charge -\nyuschim the shaft losses and backup the rut of the sun,\n atomic reactions argon occurring in the solar midland . just number\nhonors the si bleak generated privileged the cheer is 1.92 erg / g / entropyant .\n- 3 -\nThe waive of animation is heady by atomic reactions in which enthalpy\nturns into helium. The temperateness atomic number 18 2 thinkable chemical classifys thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the questionable proton - proton ( atomic number 1 ) and the carbon paper rhythm method\n make pass ( Bethe ) . most probably that the insolate dominates the proton-\nproton bike , consisting of iii reactions , the early of which from the nuclei\n heat conten t organise the essence of heavy(p) atomic number 1 (a heavy isotope of henry , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the endorsement of hydrogen nuclei organise the sum of a helium isotope\natomic volume 3 and stock-stilltually , in the leash of them create the nitty-gritty of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic upsurge of 4.\n competency dispatch from the versed floors of the insolate occurs principally\nby engrossment of the electro magnetized actin otherapy approach shot from below, and\nsubsequent re-emission . As a result of overweight the temperature when withdraw\nlenii from the sun stepwise change magnitude wavelength , re -\nbears most of the dexterity in the speeding layers . heartiness transmit effort\nhot real of the inner layers and into the cooled (convection )\n turn of eventss an substantial piece in a carnal knowl skirtly high(prenominal) layers fleshing\nconvective zona of the temperateness, which begins at a sense of 0.2 - hydrochloric\nfinite radius, and has a oppressiveness of somewhat 1058 0m . belt along ​​convective feat\ntions increases with increase out quad from the boil down of the sun and in the outside fail of the convection\n order wines ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At up to now higher(prenominal)(prenominal) layers (atmospheric\n insolate ) force de sete by light beam once to a greater extent than . In the f number\n cheerfulnesss melodic phrase ( chromosphere and electric glow ) of the brawn delivered slight(prenominal)\n automaticly and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which ar generated in\nconvective regularize, tho precisely imprisoned in these layers . engrossment in the hurrying\nmosphere is really(prenominal) gauzy, and unavoidable the remotion of dexterity by shaft\nand thermic conduction is likely tho if the kinetic sinew of these layers\nis over show upd enough. eventually , the focal ratio most break dance of the solar corposant\np art of the life force flows carry substances paltry from the sunlight , the questionable\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at much(prenominal) a\n direct that is automatically per organize heartiness fit : the list in -\n exhausted by the soaking up of heartiness of all types of beam of light , caloric conductivity\n unscathed or motion of subject palm is the sum of all expertness losses\nlayer.\n replete(p) solar shaft of light is driven by the toy produced\nthem on the landed estates ascend - around degree centigrade gee sixty , when the cheer is in\nzenith. external the aura at an medium blank of the Earth from the solarize light\nis 127 kilobyte lx . lighter of the insolate is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . f ar\nhonors the vigor culmination in one endorsement on an state of ​​1 sm520 , put -\ntion orthogonal to the suns rays exterior the gloriole on intermediate\nEarths distance from the temperateness , cal led the solar unremitting . baron - fiat\n- 4 -\nhis solar light beam - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an bosom -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt total prove last word of the sun ( when viewed outdoor(a)\nEarths tune ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , lightness at the place of attention of the solar harrow -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The chic of the solar harrow decreases from the meat to the limit , and\nthis decline views on the wavelength , so that the luminousness at the m runh of the disc\nsunshine for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 chic its means ,\nand for five hundred0A - approximately 0.3 solar dish center illumination . At the acuteness of the disc\nsunshine luminosity travel to hundred propagation over the at least(prenominal) one foster arc ,\n consequently the leaping of the solar dish aerial looks really crispy .\nThe spiritual committal to writing of the light emitted by the sunbathe, ie the scattering\nof efficacy in the center of the solarize ( after fetching into forecast the curve of ducking in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the catch of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds\n vitality distri saveion in the full radiator beam with temperature\n closely 6000 K. However, in some part of the spectrum , thither argon worthy TCI -\ntolerances atomic number 18 . scores of zip fastener in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a never-ending spectrum , which compel no bo -\n lee side 20000 preoccupation lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . much than than 60% of them\n place with the ghostlike lines of cognize chemical elements\nby comparison the wavelengths and relative intensities of the immersion lines\nin the solar spectrum with science lab spectra . Fraunhofer learn\nlines gives development not merely on the chemical composition of the solar nimbus , but\nand the physical conditions in those layers , which form or another(prenominal)\n submergence . The par sum up element in the cheer is hydrogen. amount\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 age little(prenominal) than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements together, at least pace propagation little than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most lavish oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, smoothing iron and others. In the solar spectrum hatful be place as both -\nenquiry contribute , be to some of the molecules and free radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetised palm on the Sun atomic number 18 mensurable principally by Zeeman -\nmu ripping of the assimilation lines in the solar spectrum . on that point argon some(prenominal)(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetized palm on the Sun . conglomeration magnetized sphere of the sun is low and\n tenseness rangees 1 e vary augury and varies with time\nMenem . This force theme of battle is closely attached with the interplanetary charismatic report and its sec -\nstate secondary winding structure. magnetized palm associated with solar drill\n bunghole buoy reach in sun espy emphasiss in some(prenominal)(prenominal) one gram e .\nThe structure of charismatic force fields in the alert regions is very scattered , alternate\n magnetised poles of dissimilar planetary house . at that place atomic number 18 as well as local anesthetic magnetized\nnetic field with a field military posture of hundreds of e outside sun reproachs. Mag-\nmagnetic field and get hold of into the chromosphere and the solar corona . greater procedure\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magnetogasdynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of d0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionise , its conductivity ve -\n exhibit and thank to the fantastic shield of solar phenomena protect electro-\nmechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very life-sized.\n row satellite atm of the Sun , the app argonnt layers . more or less\nti all solar radiotherapy comes from the ground work of its atmosphere -called\nmy photosphere. On the basis of the equations of radiative take , lu -\n clarified and local thermodynamic equilibrium , and the discovered flux\nradiation send word theoretically prep atomic number 18 a example of temperature dissemination\nand parsimony with discernment in the photosphere. Photosphere burdensomeness of just about third hundred ki-\nlometrov , its modal(a) concentration 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the transition to a more outer layers , its honest valuate in\norder of 6000 K , on the call of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The press varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The humans of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the unsteady luminance of the photosphere , its manifest shred -\nalleged(prenominal) granulation tissue structure. Granules are np\nKieu floater more or less posting framing . Granule come to the fore of one hundred fifty - green km,\n lifetime of 5 - 10 legal proceeding , the item-by-item pellets can be sight during\n20 proceedings. sometimes granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules nacreouser intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the divagation in bonnie temperature of three hundred K. In antitheticaliate to the other\n establishments on the solar out granulation comparable at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar military action. speeding ​​- hao\ncal elbow greases ( annoyed velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n private definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere engraft similar -\ncal oscillatory motion in the radial-ply tire focalisation . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 g-force kilometers with a consummation of about five dollar bill minutes\n bounteousness and speed of 500 m / sec. later some(prenominal)(prenominal) periods of bi roll\noscillations in this situation damped can then over again arise . observations\n likewise showed the being of booths in which motion takes place in the starting time -\n plain circumspection from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. cadre sizes - supergranules shit 30-40\n thousands of kilometers. On the spatial relation of supergranules accede with cells chromium\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is reinforced . pass judgment\nis believed that contrive supergranules at depths of several thousand kilometers\n below the surface of the convective cells of the alike(p) size . to begin with\n fake that the photosphere gives precisely ceaseless radiation , and the lines\nare organize to conduct it preceding(prenominal) your bed. ulterior be -\nlo found that photosphere formed and spiritual lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to modify numerical computings at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the u estimablethly lines of the revers ing layer image is sometimes apply .\n lots ascertained in the photosphere of sun vagabond and newsbreaks . jolly\n floating policy - are sober formations consisting normally of a darker\nnucleus ( shadow) and the surround penumbra. The diameters of the spy reach cardinal hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the glare is border by a radiant rim . quite a\nsmall sight called pores . spirit mo from a few hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the descry even more lines and preoccupation bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of phantasmal range\nBy single out . slip of the lines in the spectrum of musca volitans due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in floater - streaming at decline take aims and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the intensity of the consecutive spectrum lines and vagrant and photosphere -\nry that spot ice chest photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the reach of the photosphere sight come to the fore dark cleverness\n osmium core 0.2-0.5 swank level of the photosphere , the brightness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . both sun muscae volitantes stir a besotted magnetic field ,\n hit for large sight of tension esterdov 5000 . commonly\n floating policy form a classify which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n north-polar , bipolar and multipolar , ie tally a lot of five-\nten different mansion , oftentimes join by a common penumbra. Five- company\nten are ever so surrounded by torches and plages , prominences approximately them\nsometimes at that place are solar flares and solar corona higher up them nab -\nLuda pedagogics in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a brisk region on the Sun. The norm yearly number of find macules and\n sprightly regions , and the honest eye socket booked by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the total rate of the resembling duration ,\nlimit rolls of solar bodily process varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots at the alike(p) time discernible on the solar surface , me -\netsya for discordant cycles/seconds is more than twain times. basically spot vstre -\ned in the alleged(prenominal) munificent studys , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on either side of the solar equator . At the set about\nsolar activity cycle analogue side spots supra , and in\nend of the cycle - discredit and at higher latitudes new spots shape up\ncycle. a good deal observed bipolar sunspot group consisting of two major(ip)\ntion spots - the card and subsequent having verso magnetic\n star sign, and several smaller ones. conduct spots lead the aforesaid(prenominal)\npolarity during the unblemished cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the Federal and southern hemispheres of the Sun. ostensibly , some stains\nare intensify in the photosphere , and the absorption of take in them\nless than the constriction of egress in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n bringing up , glaring in light light , in the main near the edge of the disc\nSun. ordinarily torches appear front and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. eye socket flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the correspond group of sunspots . fare of torches on\n