Human Recourses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Recourses - Essay ExampleIt is however important to note that the supervisors confuse a cle ber role of overseeing the rest of the workers to make sure they are complying with their responsibilities. The supervisors report to the carriages, which therefore mean that the manager has an overall task of ensuring that all the employees have played their part in ensuring that the companys products and run meet the required quality and standards. 2-How do you protect the intellectual property of the composition and the employee? The property of the organic law as well as that of the employees are registered with the United States Patent and Trade Mark Office (USPTO), which is the proboscis charged with registration of designs, patents, and trademarks. Having registered with this body, these rights are administered by the United States Copyright Office of the Library of Congress. 3-How can you help oneself the employee reach to top management level? In my organization, there is a hierarchical structure, which an employee is supposed to stick to when they want something to be addressed. Therefore, I result refer such an employee to my immediate supervisor, who will then find bring out how to refer them to the top management, but that will only happen if the supervisor cannot find a upshot to their concern. 4-Does your company take risks? My company take very many risks, especially the financial risks. For example, there are so many programs that are invested in, which wield significant amounts of financial risks. What is important to the company is to carry out a feasibility test for any particular venture, and if it is identified that there is a possibility of being successful, the venture is implemented. However, not all ventures that are implemented emerge successful some lead to liberation of huge amounts of funds. Contrary, the company makes efforts to avoid taking risks on matters that can compromise employee wellbeing or health. For example, if it is established that a certain venture can expose employees to uncontrollable health risk, it is abandoned. 5-Should employees be punished for colicky lifestyle? I think punishing employees for unhealthy lifestyles is a retrogressive shipway of addressing this problem, as it will only attract employees rebellion among other issues. Rather, there are other enlightened ways of helping the employees who experience unhealthy lifestyle. The most important solution is for the employers to device lifestyle policies, which can be used in promoting positive lifestyles and diseases management, a strategy that can also help reduce health-care spending. infirmity management is a combination of strategies devised to curb cost of chronic conditions that require considerable changes in behaviour. The stopping point of this strategy is to curb repeated hospitalizations, avoid incidences of acute illnesses, and lower mortality risks. Therefore, any forward-looking organization should thin k of implementing such strategies rather than punishing the employees for their unhealthy lifestyles. 6-How can drug abuse affect the hypothesise behavior? Drug abuse has a lot of unfavourable effects on job behaviour. When employees deform addicted to drugs abuse, they tend to lose concentration on their job, perhaps because they want to find time to go and take drugs, because their addicted body system cannot function well without taking the drugs, because they have lost their sanction and they are suffering from low self esteem. Other impacts include frequent request of early

Research proposal on any topic that would combine the political theory Essay

Research proposal on any study that would combine the political theory of Rawls and be interdisciplinary - Essay ExampleThis research will bewilder a qualitative approach to measure the freedom of students and teachers in five learning institutions. The research team will administer interviews and questionnaires to the sample schools and to selected members of the institution. The information so obtained will be used to measure the story of liberty and the strength of social relationships in the institution. This will help to come up with viable recommendations on how institutions can foster their social relations in the learning environment.If granted, this research is budgeted to cost about $2,000 for the whole research process. The school has promised to provide two recording instruments that will help in collecting the interview speech. The School Library has committed to provide the research team with all the stationery required for the process. The research will take a pe riod of 2 months after which the research team will take in a full report on the findings and conclusions of the

DAVID SEDARIS Us and them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DAVID SEDARIS Us and them - Essay ExampleHe is likewise curious to know what this family does during dinner time, only to find that they practice the sense of togetherness through customary talks. though it seemed weird to the author not to conform to the norm of watching news at that particular hour, he later realized that this family was even more normal than those families that watched the television. The aspect of equality was practiced in this homestead. Everyone had an opportunity to express their opinion and ideas during the conversation, unlike the authors home where the parents watched the news and separate programs after the news.The other concept carried by the narrative id irony, where the conformist who believed to live a correct life did not acquaint generosity and politeness. This clear from non-conformist expression, they have placed a sign board that urges others not be greedy. However, alone we see is that those who thought they were perfect were even worse in their conduct (Sedaris, page 9). The author consumes all told the candy without sharing with Tom keys children. The aspect of irony is evident in that the listening expects the non-conformist of television to have more mistakes, by the fact that they were behind in terms of technology. Nevertheless, those who conform to the usual norms are even

Employee Dissatisfaction in the Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employee Dissatisfaction in the Company - Essay ExampleAn arranging is also in need of the workers. They too realize that the employee who is working(a) for them has a set of reasons to work. These reasons will defer from people to people. Each reason will determine the employee morale, motivation, and tonus of life. Therefore, to create a positive impact and enhance expectations of their potential employees, organizations practice various exercises which include university drives, seminars, and creating judgement centers for the shortlisted students. Most organizations will achieve their objectives by the aforementioned exercises but that creates problems in the near future. Those expectations will be thrashed as the employee gets acquainted with the organizations real culture. This is known as a breach of psychological force. The term psychological contract was initially used in the 1960s however it gained popularity after the scotch downturn in the early 1990s (Cran wellspri ng-Ward & Abbey, 2005). It has been defined as perception of the two parties, the employee, and employer, of what their mutual responsibilities and obligations are towards each other. It encapsulates the expectations of both sides as to what each expects the employment contract to deliver. This contract is not formally create verbally or signed but, they are formed by the unspoken act which has happened in the past, as well as from statements made by the employer (Petersitzke, 2009). They may be seen as promises by some and expectations by others. This is a high involvement mindset precisely for an employee. If these expectations are met, it will lead to an increased sense of gratification as well as the deliverance of real results. However, violation of the expectations will lead to feelings of betrayal, anger and outlawed harm arising from this realization. (Usman, Gary, & Filotheos, 2004) In our case, there has been a huge chunk of unmet expectations for the fresh graduates e mployed at the advertizement agency. They went through a rigorous induction process which encompassed a 2-day assessment center along with a series of interviews and occasional visits to the client sites. Moreover, they met up with various cured staff members and interacted with them to gain knowledge to the highest degree the organizations culture. The lot of 225 about-to-be-qualified marketing and media graduates is reduced to 20 successful recruits. Sadly, the blooming picture of the publicise agency in the eyes of the employees was broken into pieces when the initial 6-months passed. They were engaged in trivial work which touch filling, answering telephone calls and doing emails. They were not given the opportunity to think creatively which was previously promised by the senior staff. There were no signs of training or development programs. On the whole, a breach of psychological contract took place. Employees were not motivated to work and a few of them started having day s off. They felt that they have been cheated and deceived about the organizations culture and values. This will eventually lead to high employee turnover.

Ethnic Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnic Views - Essay ExampleSettling in a different context would also result to heathen conflict where the dominant group isolates the minorities due to cultural and other differences. In this text two incidences the myth of the Latin women and the American dreamer leave be explored to portray how cultural conflicts occur and lead to stereotyping. Fredrickson, M. George put forward four stupefys of ethnic relations and how they are embraced as well(p) as their effects on the affected parties. In this case one-way simulation, a model that tries to forcefully integrate the immigrants into the new ways of the native people in America will be analyzed in the two narratives above and the specific cases outlined to relate the cases occurrences with the model as postulated by Fredrickson. The American dreamer The American Dreamer is a narrative of an Indian woman specifically from the Bengali speaking tribe who went to study in Canada in the 50s only to be met with harsh racial sent iments and highly contrasting cultural perspectives that makes her to forget her real identity in a confused racial conflict situation. The hierarchical classification society that she was used to was replaced by a contradicting westernized lifestyle that encompasses virtually everything that her cultural background describes as social norms. The westernized ways of life such as 5 minutes espouse in a lawyers office was the climax of departure from a well structured cultural that the writer has abandoned and tries to fit in to a different cultural perspective that is non welcoming. This makes the writer and her family to move to the United States, where she becomes a committed immigrant from being detached onlookers that she had been reduced to. The writer later on becomes an advocate of integration among cultures and critically discourages the idea of cultural retentions, a view that did not go well with many scholars and especially those of Indian origin who blames her for lea ving her culture, and advocating against those cultural lines in America. The writer describes America as having a good bill of rights meaning, that there were chances of impact treatment among the cultures with increased advocacy. Analysis From the story above, Fredrickson model of one way assimilation is evident in both the Canadian and the US platforms though on a lesser extent on the latter. One way assimilation recognizes that humans are equal in treatment and rights, but on terms that strictly specify that the native or dominant culture in this case the American culture is more superior, pure and has to remain unchanged by the immigrants or new cultures from outside the American culture (Frederickson, 635). This was observed when in 1994 when the Florida Lake country School mount announces it policy that required that all middle class teachers to instruct their pupils that American culture, meaning the European-American culture was inherently superior to other foreign or hi storic cultures. The case of some of Indian born academics in the US campuses appointing themselves as the guardians of the purity of ethnic cultures also portrays a case of one way assimilation, and this explains their force back with the writers efforts. The myth of the Latin woman This case is a case of stereotyping and culture a conflict between a student of the Hispanic origin and the English culture in Britain. The student is humiliated and undergoes psychological torture as the English speakers isolate her due to her Hispanic looks and view her

Mortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mortality - Essay ExampleMortality affects humans only when alive(predicate) and upon losing an acquaintance, partner, or family member. Mortality is the darkest concept a human can contemplate.Humans go to great lengths to reduce their mortality. Countless searches for objects to prolong an individuals life such as the Fountain of Youth, the Ark of the Covenant, the Holy Grail, and another(prenominal) objects that will allow a humans divinityity. Epic of Gilgamesh tells of Gilgameshs effort to stay stimulate or walking on the bottom of the sea in order to obtain immortality. If Gilgamesh part theology is searching for immortality, then mere mortals searching is understandable. Humans are willing to pay for immortality. Twilight, Highlander, and other immortal creatures lose something for their immortality. Vampires must walk in the dark with an undying thirst for blood. The Immortals of Highlander must forever battle other Immortals and live longer than the humans they love. Still most humans think they necessity immortality despite the cost.One of the pros of mortality is a short lifespan. For an example, many individuals want more life. Imagine the possibilities of men like Bill Gates, Martin Luther King, Socrates, Alexander the Great, Abraham Lincoln along with many others if they had lived an immortal life. The possibilities would be endless. The pain at losing individuals like the ones above and other important people is another con of mortality. The hurt of a loved one dying is strong. The heartbroken often want to die in order to be with a loved. The dead are not concerned anymore. A short life and pain during times of close are cons of mortality.Illness and pain are another pro of mortality. Enkidu languished from an illness in pain for awhile before expiring. A cancer patient, mentally ill individual locked away, or anyone else with a painful distemper prays for death upon a daily basis. Mortality is an escape from the pain of their failing bodies.

Professional Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional Sports - Essay ExampleThe analysis of the advertisework forcet campaign made it evident that NHLs Inside the Warrior campaign is an example of exploring the crisis masculinity in the country of sports. The articles made it evident that without the strawman of a masculine character in sports, the success of that is a event of concern. In the similar milieu, the NHLs success will be in doubt for public consumption, without the presence of a masculine figure. A number of scholars have argued that the presence of masculine character is vital in every field so as to fulfill the objectives and serve the purpose. In the words of Connell, 2005 Edwards, 2006 Messner, 1992, MacInnes and other scholars indoors sociological and cultural studies suggest that men, both mortally and collectively, ar experiencing a displacement of male authority/privilege regarding their customary roles in institutions such as politics, employment, education, and family. Despite several literatu re debates pertaining to the veracity, scenery, and potential set up of a crisis of masculinity remain unresolved. Whannel (1999) suggests, Whether or not there is a crisis, there certainly is a lot of talk of peerless (p. 254). In the next half of the study, a critique of the article that describes the bear on of masculinity crisis in the field of sports will be done. CRITIQUE At the outset, I would like to get light on the fact that sport is medium that provides man to prove his masculinity. I would not equation the levels to which different sports offer different levels of masculinity, but what I would like to shed light upon is the role compete by hockey in showcasing ones masculinity or the other way where an individual gets the opportunity to reflect upon his masculine ability. I agree with the thoughts put forward in the article that the opthalmic representation in the form of looks and appearance are extremely important. As mentioned in the article that The visual re presentations of men circulated by the media, including those available through advertising and marketing campaigns, provide benchmarks of masculinity against which some men measure themselves clearly exemplifies the statement made above is true. However, the role of the promotional media is important as they are the one who are responsible for creating the image of the sports person. On the contrary a good image unendingly does not resemble a masculine image and the question of masculine image is also a subject of debate among the scholars and practitioners around the world. Arguably, the various forms of masculinity portrayed through advertising can return to social constructions of the crisis of masculinity. According to my opinion masculinity can be conceptualized in a number of forms and one of forms which I believe is the sportspersons ability to appeal to the audience. Hence I agree to the articles where it mentions masculinity involves persuasion of the greater part of th e population, particularly through the media, and the organization of social institutions in ways that appear

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS - Essay Example star of the most important parts of being blandishmentally strong is understanding the arguments that another side allow use against you, anticipating those arguments and countering them before they atomic number 18 made. This is the way that you convince people of new things, the fundamental point of rhetoric. The bumper irritant I shouldnt have to press 1 for incline completely runs to do this there are many reasons that a person should have to press 1 for slope in fact, if the person who has this bumper gummed label lives in Southern California, there is a chance they should be pressing 2 for English because English is not the most dominant language in some parts of the country. There are surely many people who would agree with the sentiment I shouldnt have to press 1 for English but there are also surely many people who would disagree to that statement. The point of rhetoric is to convince new people, not simply pander to ones base. This bumper sticker, because of its lack of anticipation and argument, would fail to convince anyone who does not already agree with it, which means that it is fundamentally rhetorically

Two Works of Art from Ancient Time and From 1000 B.C.E OR 1000 B.C Assignment

Two Works of ruse from Ancient Time and From 1000 B.C.E OR 1000 B.C - Assignment ExampleThis can be seen in the museums as they are fitted to collects disparate types of arts like in The Grande G completelyerie, Louvre of France and Free impetus of Art. They are many artists know worldwide for their in key outectual artistic way of delivering message like Picasso, da Vinci da Vinci, and Alexander J. Davis who are known for their contribution in Art. Introduction Agostino Centobelli is a known inscribe in the past decade and in this context we are going to see the differences from his sculpture and genus Venus De Milo sculpture from Louvre gallery. They are both renowned artists in old-fashi angiotensin-converting enzymed craft (Tanner, 2006). Agostino was known from the cameo collection which was mainly used for jewelry which were common in Asia and Japan. It was known in the 15000bc which were used to tell manners, customs and traditions (Tanner, 2006). The sculpture of Ven us De Milo which portrayed beauty and also goddess of love in the ancient period Comparison between Agostinos and Venus de Milos Sculpture The two art pieces were etched in ancient times from 1000b.c to 2000 B.C each utilise the natural color instead of using different colors. They both try to convey message to a given audience representing the culture, beliefs and traditions delivering to a larger audience. There arts were both unique attracting peoples attention to date cutting crossways the world. The artists were mainly inspired by their environment and also we can see that the art are mold from stone. Each art has a unique message Agostinos portraying the religion of Indians using jewelry while De Milo conveying the womans beauty. They both are from two different artists and were sculpted with different views in mind (Frank, 2011). Agostinos art is more of complex comprising of different images unlike De Vincis which a single portrait of a lady is with cut hand. Part Two 1 . The two arts use the form of sculpture as they are they are curved to bring out the different shapes. 2. They can both be seen created in the three dimensional structure as can be seen from the length, width and height used in the sculpture. We are able to see to the portrait in all dimension, front view, side view and back view. 3. Agostinos art was with the use of stone (that is soap stone) or shells while De Milo sculpture used marble in creating. 4. From both of the art pieces we are able to see the curves used in order to bring out the figure as of De Milo and the one in cameo. They are smoothly shaped to bring out the quality of the portrait. 5. The colors used in the pieces of arts were natural colors of the materials as they only concentrated on curving and also to drop it simple. In the era color was not the main reason of art but they tried to regulate across message to the different types of audience. 6. The curves are smooth and flowing with use of natural color. The three dimensional structure clearly tells the use of line to bring out the shape and concentrated on reservation them perfect thats why we can see its value till date. The simplicity also do the curvy areas or the portrait develop in the different decade of time (Frank, 2011) 7. They both impart a subject matter as they try to give some information. This can be seen from the materials used, the portraits or rather the arts developed. 8. The subject of Agostinos sculpture is jewelry while that of De Milo is lady

Some questions to answer Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Some questions to answer - Article ExampleMore community need to read the Declaration In work outence, Constitution, and law in the Capital. Maybe if lawmakers spent more time doing that sort of of raising money for their campaigns, the U.S. would not have as many ignorant lawmakers as there is today. naan D had to pay a ten dollar fine and was processed as a criminal. I think the system is being twisted by criminals calling themselves politicians and lawmakers. Assignment 2 Pretend that you squeeze play three old persons without any reason and you told them that you love them. Explain your reaction and then explain their reactions It would depend on the three old persons. Some, with Alzheimers or feisty personalities, would probably curse or postulate if I was crazy. Others would embrace me back and tell me they loved me too. The final group would not have a real reaction, but seemed confused. I would be uncomfortable, because I am not a hug lineament of person. My discomfort w ould probably be conveyed. Their reactions would depend on their personalities. Old pot like young people and other ages all are unique individuals. Some are huggers, some are not. It would depend on the persons personalities. Just like I am not a hugger, older people would react on their individual personalities. Assignment 3 You have to go to shake your hand with flipper persons from the Military and tell them Thank you for your serving without any reason.

Questions in Communication & Social research Essay - 1

Questions in communication & Social research - Essay Examplet all the distinguishable reasons that explain a extra hightail it of action, whereas nomothetic explanation looks at all the different factors behind a particular course of action. Stating that their wearcheck was not direct deposited on time, but a day late, that HR failed to include vacation pay on the check when it was deposited, and that they will not be able to correct it for another cardinal days are examples of idiographic explanations to a company as to why a bill whitethorn be late. Looking at the proximity of a job to a place of residence, how much they pay versus how much may be saved in travel time, and the amount of work that will enquire to be done when compared to a persons current job all fall nether the blanket of nomothetic reasoning.A paradigm is the fundamental model or frame of reference we intent to organize our observations and reasoning (Babbie, p. 33). There are many different types of parad igms present in our world straightaway including the postmodern paradigm which suggests only experience is real, scientific paradigms such as Newtonian mechanics and learning abilitys theory of relativity, macrotheory which focuses on the big pictures in society, and microtheory which focus on interactions at the individual level and while these are not the only paradigms covered in the text itself, these are some of the briny paradigms discussed. Paradigms are important because they not only offer a variety of different viewpoints, but they besides offer certain insights into the field of study being referenced. Paradigms are neither true nor false as ways of looking, they are only more or less useful (Babbie, p. 34). Every paradigm makes assumptions more or less the nature of reality, and offers a different way of looking at the world and the societies in it each of these different paradigms offers a new branch of research, and new methods and concepts to be investigated. They offer a different way of perceive the world, which in turn can shed light on the resolution of different

International Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Accounting Standards - Essay ExampleMany instances were reported by the relevant stakeholders, where the way had concealed liabilities by classifying a lease as an operating lease where it should have been classified as a Finance lease based on the economic reality. To cater these issues IASB drafted and enforced a squ atomic number 18-toed standard Accounting for leases. As the objective indicates, the standard has been divided into two main sections, Operating guide and Finance Lease. This particular classification has been based on the transfer of risk and rewards of the underlying addition to lessee or lessor. Further aspects distinguishing the leases are discussed below in detail. The orbit of the standard proposes its non applicability on the following areas Leases to look minerals, oils, natural gas and similar non-generative resources Licensing agreements for items as motion picture films, video recordings, manuscripts, patents and copy rightlys (because t hey are under scope of IAS 38). IAS 17 shall not be applied as the terra firma for measurement for leases discussed under IAS 40 (Investment property) and IAS 41 (biological assets). The standard will not apply to contract of services that do not transfer the right to use assets from one contracting party to the other. (Financedoctors, n.d.) The standard has been further segregated into two aspects. ... In the books of the Bank, it will appear as an Investment held as finance lease with its relating receivables. The classification is explained below in further detail with the criteria defined by the standard as to when a lease is described as a Finance Lease. (Deloitte, 2012) Lets consider the implications of a Lease agreement from the perspective of Lessee. An operating lease is slightly simple to understand and account for. Lease payments under an operating lease arrangement are enter as an expense in the Statement of Comprehensive Income. The distribution of expense is usually done on a straight line basis over the lease term, unless a more logical basis provides a better representation. In the case of operating lease, the asset is not prize by the lessee in his books of accounts. Instead the asset remains the property of the Lessor, and only used by the lessee in exchange for rentals, recognised as expense for the lessee. (Deloitte, 2012 BPP, 2012) Finance lease becomes a little tricky to curtail. As under a finance lease agreement the asset is recognised in the books of the Lessee and subsequently depreciation is charged for the asset in the books of Lessee. Simultaneously, a liability is constructed in the Lessees books in relation to the leased asset. The classification is capacity to real criteria laid down by the standard. An asset is classified as a finance lease subject to the agreements economic reality rather than its legal form. The main factor to be considered is the transfer of risk and rewards. (Deloitte, 2012 BPP, 2012) peck that would lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are transfer of ownership to lessee at the stop over of lease term, the Bargain Purchase Option at the end of lease term,

Gender difference in CALL Programs for English as a second Language Essay

Gender difference in bitch Programs for incline as a second Language Acquisition - Essay ExampleLai and Kuo have struggled to further prove this title of respect by evaluating the learning outcomes of both masculine and effeminate counterparts making use of chit-chat programmes. 2. Aim The demand is conducted to get a line the effects of dustup learning finished CALL programs on gender basis. Many researches grant evidence that gender does affect the learning process. The basic distinction of this research paper is the evaluation of English learning pace and attributes in second language acquisition using CALL programs. Which means that this study also incorporates the evaluation of computer based learning on gender basis. The study also aims to identify the differences in the attitudes of male and female students towards learning, their differing views about learning efficacy, their differing levels of learning anxiety in learning language via CALL programs and the diffe rent learning barriers they identified. 3. Methodology Proper methodology is mandatory to produce valid results. Lai and Kuo apply both quantitative and soft techniques to produce reliable results. To develop initial understanding, Lai and Kuo, used different studies conducted by various researchers. They produced proper setting and created an appropriate understanding of the importance given to this area of research. The quantitative info was collected from a sample of 200 students of which 166 were female and the rest of 34 were male. The participants were given a questionnaire to meet data about EFL & CALL. The qualitative data was collected by interviewing 10 participants including 5 males and 5 females. The qualitative data aimed to identify the key challenges that each gender faces in learning language through CALL programs. ... The qualitative data aimed to identify the key challenges that each gender faces in learning language through CALL programs. 4. Results The result s of this research were divided into 4 parts. The first part was about the learning attitudes of male and female participants using Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Programs. A fairly large number of male participants provided an affirmative result on the learning processes of language via CALL programs. In contrast to 91.1 percent males, wholly 42.7% females showed a positive result on using computer based learning for English language. Results on learning efficacy were also in line with this trend. Only 53.6 percent females believed that it may be stabilising to increase learning efficacy whereas, 88.2 percent male participants believed that CALL programs are helpful in change magnitude the learning efficacy. A different result was found when the participants were asked about the learning techniques used in CALL programs. Both groups found it interesting to use computers in learning Language and a smaller universe marked CALL programs as boring. In addition, majority believed that CALL programs may be to a greater extent beneficial to enhance reading, writing and listening skills but less helpful in increasing harangue power. Learning anxiety was lesser in male (14.2%) counterparts on using computer as a learning tool as compared to female participants (19.2%). Learning barriers for female students was the difficulty of using the CALL programs software, whereas, the nevertheless big hurdle for the male participants was the availability of learning software due to expensive nature of bare-assed technologies. 5. Interpretation of Data The results obtained by the authors were as expected if compared with other studies

Executive Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Summary - Assignment ExampleStudies have shown that women prisoners are to a greater extent infected by human immunodeficiency virus and drug abuse as compare to masculine prisoners (Dolan et al, 2007). They have been found more exposed to gender based sexual assaults such feminine prisoners may found suffering from constitution and behaviour disorders, drug use, and unsafe practices such as tattooing with m whatsoever other disorders that may threat the certificate of other people around them. Target Audience of the Project The project is designed to target the young-bearing(prenominal) prisoners as this group has been found more prone to gender-based violence and do not receive any or special treatments in prison. To provide quality wellness care services to female prisoners suffering from human immunodeficiency virus has become as a challenge for the correctional authorities (Plugge, 2006). Female prisoners constitute a small-scale fraction of population imprisoned. Different females have been found imprisoned due to different reasons. A absolute majority of female prisoners have been found engaged in drug use by injecting the large amounts of corrupting and, on the other hand, majority of other female prisoners have been found HIV carriers. Such women take up psychological help, social support and quality health care facilities to help them overcome their health issues and to infuse favourableness in their minds (Rickford, 2003). It should be kept in mind that the current healthcare programs were initially designed for male inmates as they hold the largest population in jails all around the world and especially in American prisons (Plugge, 2006). All over the world, female prisoners constitute about 5% of the total population imprisoned (Rickford, 2003). The Benefits of the schedule The program is intended to help the female prisoners suffering from HIV. This program is tailored to follow their social, psychological and healthcare needs in the period of distress. Few of the benefits of this program are It would help in providing information to the female prisoners on HIV. This program would create awareness on how to prevent HIV transmission, treatment process, testing methods and how the hazard of HIV can be minimized. The program would help the female prisoners to get a free HIV testing facility along with counselling services. The program would overall benefit the female inmates in examine and treating the HIV, overcoming the other STDs and other diseases that may rise from the uses of drugs especially injections. The program is focused on benefiting the overall health of the female inmates especially their diets and adopting measures that would help them to overcome their nutritional deficiencies. The program is also focused on providing alleviator care to terminally ill female prisoners along with facilitating post-exposure prophylaxis to those female prisoners who are already at stake of HIV. The Budget J ustification This program would run on funds collected from government and semi-government institutions. To meet the healthcare requirements of female patients charities and promotional campaigns would be launched soon to meet the financial needs of the program. Awareness programs would be launched in colleges and universities to collect funds from the students as well as different marketing strategies would be incorporated to meet the budge requirements and to help people know about the cause. Program Evaluation The program would be evaluated on the following basis How soon can we extend

The painting Drinnen und Draussen, by George Grosz Essay

The painting Drinnen und Draussen, by George Grosz - move ExampleThe essay The painting Drinnen und Draussen, by George Grosz explores George Groszs painting c all tolded Drinnen und Draussen. There were more shades and the images of the pot were non clear. A pillar supposedly served as a dividing wall to visually represent slew from the inside, dressed to the nines(p) in coats and tie, one with a cigar, and app arently dining in style. These raft could be seen as having a good time surrounded by sophisticated and classy ladies. Other objects were clearly painted such(prenominal) as a lamp, a bucket of liquor, an ash tray, to name a few. The faces of the people are all clear exemplifying various expressions of smiling, waiting patiently, listening intently. The colors were also disparate with the outside people being painted in grey, blue, brown, touches of light greens and pinks in matte. The inside portion was more vividly colored in reds, tan, blue, white with clearer and ill umined backdrop. One could deduce that the painter intended to relay the message that people seen inside dining places had the luxuries of availing the best of life. The people inside with faces painted in round, clear and donning happy expressions and are well-dressed signify wealth, luxury, richness. The dividing wall also symbolize the demarcation between the rich and the poor as people from the outside manifest poverty, wanting in financial resources and appropriate access to health care. Their faces were painted as blurred symbolizing obscurity, loss of identity, nameless. The realities of life at the time.

Progress Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

reach Era - Essay ExampleThe laborers were subjected to unfair payments, most of them were not able to own or unconstipated operate businesses, acquire material and properties or even upgrade to better housing standards.Due to the continuous gose movement ideologies, people were able to identify that the prevailing poor economic conditions of the country were motivated by the high levels of poverty in the country. (George Wanshington university 1999)Since the poverty had stricken various people, the progressives wanted to turnaround the poverty levels so that more people would be able to fend for themselves and that would lead to the progress of the country as a whole.The progressives also expressed issue to do with escalating cases of shaver labor in the country. The country experiences increased cases of child labor due to the increased industrialization. The poor conditions in the country also contributed in a enormous way to the increased child labor. (Putman 2000) Most pe ople were not able to adequately fend for their families, thus, fry citizens would be employed in the manufacturing industries to help their parents provide for them. There were various issues concerning the child employment in the country, in a census conducted in 1890, close to one million children who were aged between ten and fifteen years worked in America. In the 1910 census, there were more than 2 million which indicated an increase from the anterior census. (Davis 2003)During the time, it was even more serious since children as young as five and six were employed in companies to work for as long as eighteen hours every day. This was sore to the progressives who looked forward to a child labor reform which would eventually relieve the country of the high levels of child labor in the country.As seen from the above, it is clear that the progressive reformers were convicted that the

Race-Based Internment and Korematsu Essay Example for Free

Race-Based Internment and Korematsu EssayThe internment of Japanese-Ameri smokes following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was shameful not only because of the fact that it was allowed to happen, but mostly because it was a internal public policy joined in by all branches of the Ameri advise government. President Roosevelt initiated the policy as the head of the executive branch by issuing executive orders declaring zones of animadversion for people of Japanese backgrounds, curfews, and make up relocation programs to what some scholars have referred to as quasi-concentration camps. The legislative branch failed to protect the rights of these Japanese Americans instead, On expose 21, 1942, Congress ratified and confirmed Executive Order No. 9066, which authorized criminal penalties for persons disobeying exclusion orders (Justl, 2009, p. 272). Ultimately, with twain the executive and legislative branches having failed to protect or defend the rights of American citizens o f Japanese ancestry, the United States Supreme motor inn would be called upon to decide whether these orders and policies were in violation of the American ecesis.To be sure, the notion that Americans could be rounded up and compelled through force to confined in internment camps seems to offend the dearest principles of American liberty and justice. Hoping that the judicial branch would extend the original guarantees to American citizens of Japanese ancestry, a man named Korematsu filed suit alleging that these orders and policies violated the American constitution in a grapheme now well-known as Korematsu v. United States. This particular national originated when an American citizen, who was born and raised in San Francisco, openly refuse to obey the exclusion order issued by President Roosevelt.Korematsu was loyal to the United States, having volunteered for military service though rejected because of health limitations, and there existed abruptly no evidence that he posed even a minor threat to American topic security. He was so-calledly subject to the exclusion order purely because of is Japanese ancestry. Korematsu was gainfully employed, he had a girlfriend who was not of Japanese ancestry, and he took deliberate steps to avoid and later challenge the constitutionality of the exclusion order. Ultimately, he was arrested and relocated to an internment camp.Specifically, he was arrested because he refused to leave an area open to others but unkindly to those of Japanese ancestry and because he refused to voluntarily report to an internment camp. The judicial branch, like the executive and legislative branches before, failed to protect the rights of Japanese-Americans indeed, the Supreme Court upheld the exclusion order and Korematsus conviction (Justl, 2009, p. 274). Significantly, however, the Supreme Courts termination was a six to three majority rather than a unanimous decision.The majority reasoned that struggle constituted a national emer gency and that certain laws and orders designed to prevent spying or overturn were sufficient bases upon which to restrict or eliminate individual rights protected in the constitution for the duration of the emergency. This case and its rationale still functions as a landmark type of ratified case because it stands for the proposition that the constitutional rights of Americans can be suspended in times of national emergency.The minority opinions, recorded in dissents in the Korematsu case, argued that these laws were racist that they offended American ideals, and that the rights guaranteed by the American constitution ought to al agencys apply regardless of alleged fears and national emergencies. This case effectively allows the judicial branch to relinquish its sacred duties as guardian of the constitution in national emergencies this, in turn, gives the executive and legislative branches powers perhaps not intended when the founders of the constitution desire to create a stabl e balance of powers.In the final analysis, the Korematsu case is troubling because it stands for a legal principle that transcends its origins. More particularly, it can be seen in contemporary times that the War on brat has been used as an indefinite type of national emergency to restrict or eliminate rights for American citizens even though the main enemies have been defined as foreign nationals. Arab-Americans and Muslims have in this way replaced the Japanese-Americans of World-War Two.Additionally, the recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has been treated as a type of environmental national emergency and the media has been restricted by the American Coast Guard from covering the story on-site. Korematsu is a tragedy both because of the individual harm done to Fred Korematsu and because it continues to stand for a proposition to the effect that politicians can cry national emergency in order to suspend or eliminate constitutional rights for varied classes of American citizen s.It is perhaps time that the Supreme Court reasserts its intended role as a current guardian of the constitution by accepting a case challenging the Korematsu precedent so that it can eliminate the vague national emergency exception. References Justl, J. M. (2009). Disastrously Misunderstood Judicial Deference in the Japanese-American Cases. Yale justice Journal, 119(2), 270+. Retrieved June 2, 2010, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5036190287

Academic Performance of College Students Essay Example for Free

schoolman exertion of College bookmans EssayThe need of up to(predicate) background and/or preparation, among other things, causes many scholars to withdraw from college or to polish with lowly crops, which frequently makes it difficultyatical for them to obtain suit qualified jobs. This paper examines the pedantic performance and efforts to seek avail for faculty member and colligate problems of undergraduate schoolchilds at uniting Carolina AT democracy University. To that effect, the line reports of business and economics majors and responses to a stack of bookmans enrolled in business and economics curriculums were qualitatively analyzed. See more Foot Binding In china essayThe results of the analyses indicated that many savants experienced pedantic deficiency and did not seek helper when faced with problems. The results likewise revealed that many of the students who want helper rated the services they received as ineffective and indicated their preference for school-level unhurriedness services. The ripening of a school- specialized schoolman monitoring and unhurriedness warmness would alleviate these problems.Such a center, with a door-to-door and extended advisement and counseling platform, will be more effective than university-wide services in up(p) student academician performance and marketability upon graduation. ********** Teaching, research and service atomic number 18 usually used as a yardstick to measure faculty contri neverthelessions to senior high tuition institutions. Major universities guide long stressed the magnificence of research activities copulation to article of belief.Over the close two decades, many of smaller teaching institutions, including the Historically sable Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) where research activities were recognized only to the extent that they would keep educators and the knowledge they transmit to students current, have been under stuff to acquire ext ernal funds for scholarships, faculty development, and meeting accreditation standards (Fielding 1985). As these institutions, particularly the HBCUs, placed more tension on faculty research productivity, they argon faced with the challenge of striking a balance amongst teaching and research activities.Neverthe little, most colleges and universities recognize that teaching is the ultimate goal of their institutions (Wiley 1993). The main factors considered for ameliorate teaching effectualness among other things, include teaching approaches and techniques and faculty availability for student assistance and advisement. However, students in higher(prenominal) training institutions must be motivated and committed to make reasonable efforts toward handling unlike activities, such as learning, written assignments, class word, presentation and examinations, effectively.Accordingly, the students commitment to attain a good education, their study habits and cooperation, their moti vating and efforts to seek assistance, when holded, are equally critical for discipline. Thus, since the provision and consumption of education service occur simultaneously, the students vigorous participation in the process is a necessary condition to transform teaching to effective scholarship ( no.ales and Addus 2003). This paper assesses the academic performance and efforts of undergraduate students to seek assistance for academic and related problems at North Carolina AT invoke.The paper (1) examines the academic performance and deficiencies of the students in terms of their overall sign appoint averages (2) identifies the relative magnitude of student academic and related problems from freshman to elderberry bush classifications (3) presents student evaluation of the effectiveness of advisement and counseling services addressable to students and (4) recommends the development of a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement center to change student academic pe rformance and marketability upon graduation.Methods and Instrumentation The 1998 grade point averages (GPAs) of undergraduate business and economics majors were used to check into the levels of student academic performance and deficiencies, with the application of chi-square statistic test to the relevant selective information. The student grade reports (the most recent information lendable) were obtained from the North Carolina AT State Universitys School of championship and economic science. In addition, data from students were collected through a student survey of 2002.The sample for the student advisement and counseling effectiveness questionnaire consisted of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina AT State University. The questionnaire items were designed to elicit responses from students to determine the magnitude of student academic and related problems, efforts to seek assistance to top their problems, evaluation of effectiveness assista nce they received, and preference for the location of advising and monitoring services at heart the University.The results of this study understructure be used as a source of data that can provide information on the broadcast effectiveness at North Carolina AT State and other universities. Such data can assist educators in curriculum planning and development so that they can pause meet the needs of students. Student Academic Performance and Survey Results The results of this study are miserlyd on the examination of the School of Business and economics student GPAs and the student advisement and counseling survey of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina AT State University.The results are centered around (1) the student academic performance levels and deficiencies (2) the magnitude of student academic and related problems (3) the students efforts to seek assistance to solve problems (4) the student evaluation of effectiveness assistance received a nd (5) the student preference for the location of advising and monitoring services. The following are the findings of the study based on student grade point averages and student advisement and counseling services questionnaire responses. Student Academic performance.The school of Business and Economics at North Carolina AT State University consists of counting, business administration, business education and economics and transportation/logistics departments. The distributions of grade point average of students enrolled in the School during the 1998 fall semester are presented in put over 1. For the data in the Table, the chi-square test statistic is significant. This indicates that grade distributions by classification are statistically different. Generally, the add together of students with low grade point averages decreased from freshman to senior classifications.In other words, more freshmen keep lower grades relative to seniors, and more seniors retained higher grade point averages than freshmen. More specifically, the data indicates that, in the School of Business and Economics, 55% of freshman, 14% of sophomore, 16% of junior, and 6% of senior students maintained below 2. 00 grade point averages. The decline in the proportion of students with lower grades from the freshman to senior levels is an indication of either grade purifyments, transfer from one program to another or withdrawal and/or suspension/dismissal from the university.In their senior year, 41% of students maintained a GPA of below 2. 50, 23% below 2. 25, and 6% below 2. 00. For all classifications, 53% of students maintained a GPA of below 2. 50, 39% below 2. 25, and 26% below 2. 00. The School of Business and Economics cannot afford to ignore 23% students who may graduate with a GPA of lower than 2. 25 and 41% below 2. 50, only to find it difficult to find professional jobs of their choice in their respective fields.Apparently, students need to be monitored, encouraged and assisted to play an active role in their pursuit to achieve their education and career objectives. Student Survey Results Of some 206 students who responded to the survey, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 10% were freshmen, 30% sophomore, 37% junior and 23% senior students. In terms of general fields of study, 68% majored in business and economics and 32% in other areas, including arts and sciences, education and engineering science (Table 2).These figures show that the survey represents a balanced coverage on gender, student classification, and various fields of study. Magnitude of Student Academic and Related Problems Of 154 who desire assistance, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 9% were freshmen, 30% sophomore, 37% junior and 25% were senior students (Table 3). The data in the Table is indicative of the fact that the number of problems faced by students generally declined from freshman to senior year of their study.Of 52 stud ents who did not seek assistance, 52% were female and 48% were male students. By classification, 17% were freshmen, 30% junior, 37% sophomore and 19% senior students. A total of 56% who did not seek help were junior and senior students. The reasons indicated for not desire assistance are that 19% did not have any problems, 17% did not have metre to seek assistance, 19% did not know the availability of assistance, 14% did not believe such assistance would be useful, and 15% indicated a combination of the above factors (Table 4).Student Efforts to Seek assistant Out of 206 students who sought assistance, 60% consulted with their academic advisors and 30% with course instructors or respective departments. Only 4% indicated to have sought assistance with the University centralize for Success (Table 5). Student Evaluation of Assistance Effectiveness Of 154 students who sought help, 72% indicated that the assistance they were offered was effective resulting in grade improvements, enha nced self- trust, remaining in major for the better, and changing major for the better.However, 28% indicated that the assistance they received was not effective at all (Table 6). Student Preference for Advising and Monitoring operate Of 206 survey respondents, 147 (71%) indicated their preference for student monitoring and counseling services at school/college level (as remote to counseling at the university level) and 92% indicated that they would seek assistance more often if such services were visible(prenominal) at school/college level (Table 7).The Case for Academic Monitoring and Advising Center The findings of this study reveal that relatively low grades and high failure rates were maintained by upper level undergraduate students with the possible action of marketability problems. The findings further show that 28% of survey respondents said the assistance services they received were not effective. another(prenominal) 28% of the respondents, of which 56% were juniors an d seniors, did not seek help to resolve their academic and related problems.In addition, 71% of respondents indicated their preference for a school-level assistance services, and the overwhelming majority (92%) said they would seek help more often if such services were available at the school level. It follows that a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement center (AMAC), with a across-the-board agenda for student advisement and counseling, will be effective in improving student academic performance and marketability.The need for the AMAC is underscored by other studies. The main problems acting student academic performance include inadequate background, working long hours, lack of time to study and seek advice, lack of time management skills, bad study habits and skills, and lack of self-confidence. umteen students are withal faced with various impediments in their pursuit of higher education and career objectives, including monetary problems, family responsibilities , and social and extracurricular activities.Some of these activities do not only take away from the time needed for sleeping, tending class and studying, but they as well cause considerable stress resulting in negative effects on academic performance as measured in terms of GPA (Womble 2001). The results of a survey of 239 university students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina AT State University indicated that most students did not have sufficient time to read the standard and study, and that their absence from class was work related.The majority (56 %) of the students cited that they could not take lecture notes while listening, and 29 % said they could not understand the lecture (Norales and Addus 2003). Kelly et al (2001) classified college students into short sleepers (individuals who slept six or fewer hours a day), average sleepers (individuals with seven or hours of sleep a day), and long sleepers (individuals sleeping nine or more hours a day). They found that the individuals who represented long sleepers reported higher GPAs than the first two groups.Many students are admitted to a university as a result of their performance in examinations that do not pick up the same preparation levels required to succeed in higher education. Thus, one of the main factors affecting the academic performance of college and university students is the lack of adequate preparation skills (Beswick and Ramsden 1987). Entwistle et al (1989) studied the academic performance of electrical engineering students and found that low course grades were associated with inadequate study skills, and that many students had not established adequate mugwump study strategies required to succeed in higher education.Eikeland Manger (1992) looked into factors affecting student achievement, especially those factors related to high failure and drop extinct rates. The findings showed that organized study habits had a positive impact on self confidence during the students first semester, but such study habits did not have a direct effect on grades until as late as their tetradth semester in college. In a survey of close to 350,000 students attending four-year public and private colleges, over 70 items related to the students educational experiences on the survey instrument were separate into 12 factors.(1) The survey results indicated that out of these factors, public college/university students rated academic advising as the most important aspect of their educational experiences. Private college/university students rated academic advising second to only instructional effectiveness in importance. When students were asked to rate five items (2) comprised academic advising, both public and private college/university students rated the academic advisors approachability and the academic advisors knowledge about major requirements as strengthsmeaning most important and most satisfying (Noel-Levitz 2003).In general, the conquest or failure in higher education are not explained by the student attributes or faculty teaching efficiency in isolation, but by the complex interactions among students and the schooling environments they experience (Entwistle 1990). Thus, students are in need of comprehensive advisement, counseling and support services including time management, stress management, efficient study style, habits and skills, reading, writing, and lecture note victorious skills, and other support services.These must help students enhance their capacity to master the relevant subject, self confidence, vocal and written communication, academic performance, and to be competitive and productive members of the community. Academic Monitoring and Advising Center The findings of this study, along with the discussion of relevant literature, suggest that a school-specific AMAC, with a comprehensive agenda for student advisement and counseling, will be effective in improving student academic performance and marketability.The primary purpose of the AMAC is to enhance student academic performance and produce marketable graduates by providing extended assistance and guidance to students in academic activities and related areas. At North Carolina AT State University there are university-wide student support services, including the Center for Student Success (which is focused on student retention) and school-level academic assistant services. In addition, there are programs which are designed to mentor students with high academic standing, in collaboration with potential employers, to prepare them for the square world work environment upon graduation.However, many students who for various reasons fail to perform to their potential levels deserve to be up cost increaseed through a similar program provided by the AMAC. Compared with university-wide academic counseling services available for students, the AMAC will be more effective for needy students can be given individual and alone(predicate) attention su ited to their specific needs by their respective schools. In addition to regular advisement provided by academic advisors, the AMAC will provide counseling services for students who fail to reach a lower limit GPA of 2.50 during each semester. To start with, such students will be able to discuss issues regarding specific courses and their course loads with an advisor from the AMAC, and receive advice on how to successfully manage their time and handle their course loads. Also, the AMAC if necessary, can suggest changes in course, course loads and schedule to help the students balance their time between school and work. As mentioned above, one of the braggart(a)gest problems that many students have is lack of time and time management skills.If this problem is solved early, students will be able to maintain a more marketable GPA. The AMAC will forever monitor students and evaluate their grades throughout each semester to insure that these students continue to do well in the school, and graduate within a reasonable period of time. Students who need assistance must be identified at the appropriate time and be given intense advice and counseling. It will maintain a data base for all students in the School of Business and Economics with an overall GPA of 2.50 or less. The data can be collected from student applications, academic records, and surveys (Seidman, 1996). The AMAC will coordinate its activities with university programs designed to provide remedial services to students with deficient backgrounds. It will refer students to other departments and and University support services for problems outside its responsibilities. Such intensive intervention will likely help not only improve academic performance, but also retain students and enable them to graduate with decent grades.Student participation in the AMACs program shall enhance their capabilities to improve their academic standing through sound advice and counseling which will positively influence their attitude toward learning and grades, time management skills and study habits. The AMAC will further facilitate development of university policies and programs designed to overcome academic deficiencies and encourage students to stay in school and achieve their academic and career objectives.Conclusions Academic advising is a receivedly important aspect of students educational experiences in higher education. In order to enhance teaching and learning effectiveness, higher education institutions must listen to their students unique needs and priorities by assessing assistance services available to students. The results of such assessments can be used to develop targeted action plans for serving specific student population.The results of the analyses of data obtained from the School of Business and Economics grade reports and a survey of students enrolled in business and economics courses at North Carolina AT State University, along with other relevant literature, imply that many col lege students need a school-specific academic monitoring and advisement services at an early stage of their college career. It is apparent that it becomes difficult, if not impossible, for junior and senior students to make meaningful grade improvements due to the short span of time available to them during their last years of study before graduation.This may pose a serious marketability problem for some of the graduates of these programs with low grades. In the real world of ever increasing globalization and more competitive job market environments, college students need to acquire higher skills and GPAs. The proposed AMAC is certainly a first step to guide needy students in this direction. References Beswick, D. and Ramsden, P, (1987). How to Promote Learning with Understanding. Working Paper 871. Melbourne Center for the Study of Higher Education, University of Melbourne. Eikeland, O. J. and Manger, T. (1992).Why Students disregard During Their First University Semesters. Intern ational Review of Education 38(5), 489-503. Entwistle, N. J. (1990). How Students Learn and Why They Fail. Paper Presented at Conference on Talent and Teaching, University of Bergen. Entwistle, N. J. , Hoursell, D. , Macaulay, C. , Situnayake, G. and Tait, H. (1989). Success and Failure in Electrical Engineering Courses in Scotland. Summary of a wrap up to the SED. Edinburgh section of Education and Center for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. University of Edinburgh. Fielding, G. J. (1985). Transportation Education, Part both.Report of Joint Conference, Eno Foundation get along of Directors and Board of Consultants. Transportation Quarterly, 39(2), 207-233. Kelly, W. E. , Kelly, K. E. and Clanton, R. C. (others) (2001). The Relationship between Sleep length and Grade-Point-Average among College Students, College Student diary. Noel-Levitz Research (2003). Academic Advising extremely Important to Students, www. noellevitz. com. Norales, Francisca O. and Addus, Abdussalam A. ( 2003). University Students Learning Efforts, Texas Business and Technology Educators Association Journal, Vol.VII, No. 1. Seidman, A. (1996). Retention revisited R = E, ID + E In, Iv. Journal of College Student Retention. 71(4), 18-20. Wiley, III, Ed (1993). Re-Emphasizing Teaching. Black Issues in Higher Education. Womble, Laura P (2001). The Impact of Stress Factors on College Students Academic Performance, Working Paper, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, N. C. ABDUSSALAM A. ADDUS Associate Professor DAVID CHEN Associate Professor ANWAR S. KHAN Professor old Department of Economics and Transportation/Logistics North Carolina AT State University Notes.(1) the factors are academic advising, campus climate, campus Life, campus Support Services, fill for the Individual, instructional Effectiveness, recruitment and financial aid effectiveness, registration effectiveness, responsiveness to diverse population, safety and security, service excellence, and student centeredness. ( 2) the items are the academic advisors approachability, the academic advisors knowledge about major requirements, the academic advisors concern about the students success as an individual, the academic advisors assistance to set goals and work toward, and the clearness and reasonableness of major requirements.Table 1 Grade Distribution of Students in the School of Business and Economics by Classification, Fall 1998 Grade couch Classification Freshman sophomore(prenominal) Junior No. % No. % No. % 3. 50-4. 00 20 6 46 19 20 10 3. 00-3. 49 26 7 44 18 32 16 2. 50-2. 99 45 13 62 25 45 23 2. 25-2. 49 33 9 33 13 33 17 2. 00-2. 24 37 10 28 11 34 18 Below 2. 00 200 55 35 14 31 16 Total 361 speed of light 248 100 195 100 Chi-square 278. 38 * Grade Range Classification elderly All No. % No. % 3. 50-4. 00 18 7 104 10 3. 00-3. 49 42 17 144 13 2. 50-2. 99 90 35 242 24 2. 25-2. 49 47 18 146 14 2. 00-2. 24 44 17 143 13 Below 2.00 14 6 280 26 Total 255 100 1059 100 Chi-square 278. 38 * Note * st atistically significant at 5 percent probability level. Source School of Business and Economics, NC AT State University. Table 2 Profile of Survey Respondents Item Frequency percent Gender (n = 206) Male 99 48. 1 Female 107 51. 9 Classification (n = 206) Freshman 21 10. 2 Sophomore 61 29. 6 Junior 77 37. 4 Senior 47 22. 8 Major Area Unit (n = 206) Business and Economics 140 68. 0 otherwise Areas * 66 32. 0 * Include Arts and Science, Education, and Engineering. Table 3 Distribution of Number Problems for Students who seek.Assistance * (n = 154) Classification Number of Problems and Gender One Two Three tetrad Five Six Total Plus Classification Freshman 4 1 3 2 1 2 13 Sophomore 16 4 7 9 8 2 46 Junior 14 14 12 6 4 7 57 Senior 6 7 14 7 3 1 38 Total 40 26 36 24 16 12 154 Gender Male 19 15 15 11 8 6 74 Female 21 13 19 13 8 6 80 Total 40 26 36 24 16 12 154 * Problems include adding/ falling courses, choosing major, changing major, improving grades, time management, internship opportun ities, personal problems which affect academic performance.Table 4 Distribution of students who did not Seek Assistance (n = 52)frequency Percent of Total Classification Freshman 9 17. 3 Sophomore 14 29. 9 Junior 19 36. 5 Senior 10 19. 3 Total 52 100. 0 Gender Male 25 48. 1 Female 27 51. 9 Total 52 100. 0 Reason for not SeekingDid not have problems 10 19. 2 Did not have time 9 17. 3 Did not know availability of assistance 10 19. 2 Did not believe it is useful 7 13. 5 Combination of last three 8 15. 4 Other reasons 8 15. 4 Total 52 100. 0 Table 5 Student Efforts to Seek Assistance for Academic Problems (n = 154) Assistance sought from Frequency Percent Academic Advisor 89 59. 7 Department/Course instructor 44 29. 5.University Center for Success 6 4. 0 SOBE resource Lab 3 2. 0 University Counseling Service 3 2. 0 Career Counseling 2 1. 4 fiscal Aid 2 1. 4 Table 6 Student evaluation of Effectiveness of Assistance Sought (n = 149) Item frequency Percent Grade improved 13 8. 7 Enhanced s elf-confidence 4 2. 7 Remained in major 15 10. 1 Changed major for better 16 10. 7 Two or more of above 60 40. 3 No effect 41 27. 5 Table 7 Student Preference for Counseling/Monitoring Services Location (n = 206) Item Frequency Percent Prefer student Counseling at school level Yes 147 71. 3 No 44 21. 4 Indifferent 15 7. 3.Would seek assistance more often if Available at school/college level) Yes 92 44. 7 No 15 7. 3 Not sure 45 21. 8 Indifferent 54 26. 2 Gale Copyright Copyright 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Economic Scene Colleges Are Failing in first Rates Top of Form Bottom of Form Share By DAVID LEONHARDT Published September 8, 2009 If you were red ink to come up with a list of organizations whose failures had done the most damage to the American economy in recent years, youd probably have to start with the Wall Street firms and regulatory agencies that brought us the financial crisis.From there, you might move on to Wall Streets fellow bailout recipients i n Detroit, the once-Big Three. Multimedia pic From the or so Selective Colleges, More Graduates Related The College Dropout Boom Economix Which Colleges Are Doing Their Job? Reader Responses Failing Colleges Readers Comments Share your thoughts and read responses to readers comments from David Leonhardt on the Economix blog. Read All Comments (113) But I would suggest that the list should also include a less obvious nominee public universities.At its top levels, the American system of higher education may be the best(p) in the world. Yet in terms of its core mission number teenagers into educated college graduates much of the system is simply failing. Only 33 percent of the freshmen who enter the University of Massachusetts, Boston, graduate within six years. Less than 41 percent graduate from the University of Montana, and 44 percent from the University of New Mexico. The economist stag Schneider refers to colleges with such dropout rates as failure factories, and they are the norm.The United States does a good job enrolling teenagers in college, but only half of students who enroll end up with a bachelors degree. Among well-to-do countries, only Italy is worse. Thats a big reason inequality has soared, and productivity increment has slowed. Economic growth in this decade was on pace to be slower than in any decade since human War II even before the financial crisis started. So identifying the causes of the college dropout crisis matters enormously, and a new book tries to do precisely that. It is called Crossing the Finish Line, and its findings are based on the records of about 200,000 students at 68 colleges.The authors were able to get their hands on that data because two of them are pillars of the education establishment William Bowen (an economist and causation Princeton president) and Michael McPherson (an economist and former Macalester College president). For all the books alarming statistics, its message is ultimately uplifting or at l east invigorating. Yes, inadequate precollege education is a problem. But high schools still produce many students who have the skills to complete college and yet fail to do so. Turning them into college graduates should be a lot less difficult than fixing all of American education.We could be doing a lot better with college completion honourable by working on our colleges, as Robert Shireman, an Education Department official who has read an early reading of the book, says. Congress and the Obama administration are now putting together an education bill that tries to deal with the problem. It would itch about $9 billion in annual government subsidies for banks that lend to college students and use much of the notes to increase financial aid. A small portion of the money would be set aside for bright pilot programs aimed at lifting the number of college graduates. All in all, the bill would help.But it wont solve the systems biggest problems the focus on enrollment rather than completion, the fact that colleges are not held to account for their failures. Crossing the Finish Line makes it clear that we can do better. The first problem that Mr. Bowen, Mr. McPherson and the books third author, Matthew Chingos, a doctoral candidate, diagnose is something they call under-matching. It refers to students who choose not to attend the best college they can get into. They instead go to a less selective one, perhaps one thats adpressed to home or, given the torturous financial aid process, less expensive.About half of low-income students with a high school grade-point average of at least 3. 5 and an SAT score of at least 1,200 do not attend the best college they could have. Many dont even apply. Some apply but dont enroll. I was really astonished by the degree to which presumptively well-qualified students from miserable families under-matched, Mr. Bowen told me. They could have been admitted to Michigans Ann Arbor campus (graduation rate 88 percent, according to College Results Online) or Michigan State (74 percent), but they went, say, to Eastern Michigan (39 percent) or Western Michigan (54 percent).If they graduate, it would be hard to get affray about their choice. But large numbers do not. You can see that in the chart with this column. In effect, well-off students many of whom will graduate no matter where they go attend the colleges that do the best job of producing graduates. These are the places where many students live on campus (which raises graduation rates) and graduation is the norm. Meanwhile, lower-income students even when they are better qualified often go to colleges that excel in producing dropouts. Its really a waste, Mr. Bowen says, and a big problem for the country. As the authors point out, the only way to lift the college graduation rate significantly is to lift it among poor and working-class students. Instead, it appears to have fallen somewhat since the 1970s. What can be done? Money is intelligibly part o f the answer. Tellingly, net tuition has no impact on the graduation rates of high-income students. Yet it does affect low-income students. All else equal, they are less likely to make it through a more expensive state college than a less expensive one, the book shows. Conservatives are wrong to suggest affordability doesnt matter.But they are right that more money isnt the whole answer. Higher education today also suffers from a deep cultural problem. Failure has become acceptable. Students see no need to graduate in four years. Doing so, as one told the books authors, is like leaving the party at 1030 p. m. Graduation delayed often becomes graduation denied. Administrators then make excuses for their graduation rates. And policy makers hand out money based on how many students a college enrolls rather than on what it does with those students. There is a real parallel here to health care.

Edward Snowden Essay Example for Free

Edward Snowden EssayOne of the biggest leaks in U. S happened this month. Edward Joseph Snowden leaked data virtually the government and and they are, a spring technical contractor and CIA employee who worked for Booz Allen Hamilton a contractor for the NSA, before leaking exposit of classified NSA mass surveillance programs to the press. Snowden shared classified material on a variety of top-secret NSA programs, including the interception of US telephone metadata and the PRISM surveillance program, primarily with Glenn Greenwald of The withstander, which published a series of exposes based on Snowdens disclosures in June 2013. Snowden verbalize the leaks were an effort to inform the public as to that which is make in their name and that which is done against them The individual responsible for one of the or so significant leaks in US political history is Edward Snowden, a 29-year-old former technical assistant for the CIA and current employee of the defense contractor Bo oz Allen Hamilton. Snowden has been working at the National aegis Agency for the last four years as an employee Snowdens alleged leaks are said to rank among the most significant breaches in the history of the NSA.8 Matthew M. Aid, an intelligence historian in Washington, said disclosures linked to Snowden occupy support longstanding suspicions that NSAs surveillance in this country is far more intrusive than we knew. 8 On June 14, 2013, US content prosecutors filed a sealed complaint, made public on June 21,910 charging Snowden with theft of government property, unauthorized communication of national defense information and willful communication of classified intelligence with an unauthorized per news the latter cardinal allegations are under the Espionage Act.11 Father of Edward Snowden Urges Son Not To Commit Trea news, to Return Home The father of the former NSA contractor who leaked details of the governments massive Internet- and phone-tracking programs made an impassion ed plea to his password to stop leaking, telling corn dab News that I hope, I solicit he does not do anything considered treasonous. Lon Snowden spoke at space with shed News somewhat his son Edwards decision to leak sensitive security details about U. S. intelligence-gathering operations.While defending his sons integrity and criticizing the government, he pleaded with his son who is thought to be weathering the political storm from a location in Hong Kong to run seat and not to leak more information. I hope, I pray and I ask that you will not release any secrets that could constitute treason, Snowden told Fox News, in a message meant for his sons ears. He added I sense that youre under much stress from what Ive read recently, and ask that you not defer to that stress and make a bad decision. Further, Snowden said he would rather con his son return to the U.S. and face the U. S. justice system than stay abroad.I would like to see Ed come home and face this. I shared th at with the government when I spoke with them. I love my son, he told Fox News Eric Bolling. Snowden claimed there are some people who want him to cross that line and do something that constitutes treason, or they would like to see him disappear. But Snowden said hes sure that the moment he landed that there would be a line of attorneys waiting to defend him. Edward Snowden himself did not voice that level of confidence. During a live online lecture hosted by Guardian.com on Mon mean solar day, Snowden said he doesnt think he would receive a fair rill in the U. S. The U. S. Government, just as they did with other whistle-blowers, immediately and predictably destroyed any possibility of a fair trial at home, openly declaring me guilty of treason and that the disclosure of secret, criminal and even unconstitutional acts is an unforgivable crime. Thats not justice, and it would be foolish to volunteer yourself to it if you can do more good right(prenominal) of prison than in it, h e said during the chat. Snowden also claimed he did not reveal any U. S.operations against legitimate military targets, but rather NSA efforts against civilian infrastructure. Snowden has emerged at the center of one of the biggest security leaks in U. S. history. After The Guardian news organization and Washington Post reported on government programs that reminder massive troves of phone and Internet records, Snowden was revealed as the source of that information. According to The Guardian, Snowden continues to provide sensitive information The Guardian most recently reported on a British effort to hack into foreign diplomats phones and emails during conferences, citing Snowden as the source.Snowden could face serious charges if he returns to the U. S. Former Vice President Dick Cheney called Snowden a traitor on Fox News Sunday. But others have praised his decision to come forward, citing the civil liberties at stake. Lon Snowden said he was saddened by his sons decision, but criticized the government for the surveillance efforts his son helped expose. Some people are suggesting that whats occurring is very uniform to every morning the government walks up to your mailbox, or afternoon. They pull the envelopes out.They open them. They look at your mail. They counterpart it. They archive it in persona they wanna look at it sometime in the future in case you do something wrong sometime in the future. They re-seal the envelopes, they put them back in your mailbox. And they do it every day over and over and over again. He continued I dont want them reading my email. If we say, Oh my gosh, were going to have to sacrifice our freedoms because of the threat of terrorism, well, the terrorists have already won, because its our freedoms that make us Americans. He said hes concerned his son is in peril, but voiced confidence that if he returns to the U. S. , that would be best. I have faith in our justice system applied correctly, absolutely. You know, I would rather my son be a prisoner in the U. S. than a free man in a country that did not have the freedoms that are protect in the U. S. , he said. He complained there are a lot of misconceptions about his son, including speculation about why he chose to stay in Hong Kong. Snowden said his son was simply comfortable there and with Asiatic culture in general, since he used to live in Japan.As for media reports that hes a high-school dropout, he explained that his son actually had an illness during his sophomore year likely mono. But after he dropped out, he said his son completed his high-school equivalency and went on to take college courses. He said he last saw his son on April 4. Wed gone out to dinner, he said, adding that his son seemed to be carrying a burden. We hugged as we unendingly do. He said, I love you Dad. I said, I love you, Ed. And I expected to see him see him again, Snowden recalled. Fox News Eric Bolling contributed to this report.

Perfect competition and demand curve Essay Example for Free

Perfect contention and take away submit probeCOMPARE(SIMILAR) similarity. The fol pitiful get goings ar the analogous. 16 Both monopolies and gross(a)ly agonistical companies minimize woo and maximize profit. The shutdown decisions atomic yield 18 the same. Both argon assumed to set about h binglely hawkish factors observeets. comp be monopoly and perfect competition is the quaternion characteristics of perfect competition (1) heroic number of relatively slim tightens, (2) kindred harvest-time, (3) unfreezedom of gate and take, and (4) perfect knowledge. * Number of Firms Perfect competition is an industry comprised of a large number of sm either crockeds, each of which is a outlay taker with no grocery authority. Monopoly is an industry comprised of a whizz flying, which is a wrong maker with aggregate market control. Phil the zucchini grower is virtuoso of gadzillions of zucchini growers. Feet-First Pharmaceutical is the only firm that sells Amb lathan-Plus, a drug that cures the deadly (but hypothetic) foot ailment know as amblathanitis. * Avail fitted Substitutes Every firm in a utterly hawkish industry larns exactly the same product as every early(a) firm. An non-finite number of perfect respites are avail adequate. A monopoly firm produces a unique product that has no next substitutes and is unlike any other product.Gadzillions of firms grow zucchinis, each of which is a perfect substitute for the zucchinis bragging(a) by Phil the zucchini grower. at that place are no substitutes for Amblathan-Plus. Feet-First Pharmaceutical is the only supplier. * Re character reference Mobility Perfectly competitive firms conduct complete freedom to enter the industry or exit the industry. There are no hindrances. A monopoly firm often achieves monopoly status because the gate of potential competitors is balked. Any 1 push aside grow zucchinis. All they need is a plot of land and a few seeds.Feet-First Pharmaceutical holds the patents on Amblathan-Plus. No other firm keister enter the market. * Information Each firm in a perfectly competitive industry possesses the same l understanding about expenses and ware techniques as every other firm. A monopoly firm, in contrast, often has information unknown to others. Everyone knows how to grow zucchinis (or posterior easily find out how). Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a secret formalism use in the performance of Amblathan-Plus. This information is non available to anyone else. The consequence of these differences hold* First, the consider sprain for a perfectly competitive firm is perfectly elastic and the pack diverge for a monopoly firm is THE market strike, which is negatively-sloped according to the law of guide. A perfectly competitive firm is thus a scathe taker and a monopoly is a value maker. Phil must sell his zucchinis at the going market expense. It he does non like the set, because he does not sell zucchinis. Feet-Fir st Pharmaceutical give the gate adjust the price of Amblathan-Plus, either high gearer(prenominal)(prenominal) or lower, and so doing it toilette control the measurement sold.* Second, the monopoly firm charges a higher price and produces less fruit than would be achieved with a perfectly competitive market. In peculiar(prenominal), the monopoly price is not fitting to peripheral approach, which actor a monopoly does not efficiently allocate resources. Although Feet-First Pharmaceutical charges some(prenominal) dollars per ounce of Amblathan-Plus, the greet of producing each ounce is substantially less. Phil, in contrast, just about breaks even on each zucchini sold. * one-third, while an sparing profit is NOT guaranteed for any firm, a monopoly is more likely to receive sparing profit than a perfectly competitive firm.In fact, a perfectly competitive firm IS guaranteed to earn nothing but a normal profit in the long run. The same cannot be tell for monopoly. The price of zucchinis is so close to the cost of mathematical product, Phil never earns much profit. If the price is relatively high, other zucchini producers quickly flood the market, eliminating any profit. In contrast, Feet-First Pharmaceutical has been able to maintain a price preceding(prenominal) production cost for several twelvemonths, with a handsome profit perpetually paid to the beau monde shareholders year after year.* Fourth, the confident(p)ly-sloped marginal cost trim back for each perfectly competitive firm is its add up trend. This ensures that the translate curve for a perfectly competitive market is excessively positively sloped. The marginal cost curve for a monopoly is NOT, repeat NOT, the firms supply curve. There is NO positively-sloped supply curve for a market controlled by a monopoly. A monopoly might produce a larger measurement if the price is higher, in conformity with the law of supply, or it might not. If the price of zucchinis rises, because Phil can afford to grow more.If the price falls, then he is forced to grow less. Marginal cost dictates what Phil can produce and supply. Feet-First Pharmaceutical, in comparison, often sells a larger measure of Amblathan-Plus as the price falls, because they face decreasing come cost with larger scale leaf production. * The single vender, of course, is a direct contrast to perfect competition, which has a large number of sellers. In fact, perfect competition could be renamed multipoly or manypoly, to contrast it with monopoly. The or so important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market.The market demand for a good IS the demand for the produce produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, earlier than a price taker. * A hypothetical example that can be used to illustrate the features of a monopoly is Feet-First Pharmaceutical. This firm owns the patent to Amblathan-Plus, the only cure for the deadly (but hypothetical) foot ail ment known as amblathanitis. As the only producer of Amblathan-Plus, Feet-First Pharmaceutical is a monopoly with extensive market control. The market demand for Amblathan-Plus is THE demand for Amblathan-Plus sold by Feet-First Pharmaceutical.* Unique Product * To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must have a unique product. Phil the zucchini grower is the only producer of Phils zucchinis. The problem for Phil, however, is that gadzillions of other firms sell zucchinis that are indistinguishable from those sold by Phil. * Amblathan-Plus, in contrast, is a unique product. There are no close substitutes. Feet-First Pharmaceutical holds the exclusive patent on Amblathan-Plus. No other firm has the healthy authority to produced Amblathan-Plus.And even if they had the legal authority, the secret formula for producing Amblathan-Plus is sealed away in an airtight overleap deep wrong the fortified Feet-First Pharmaceutical headquarters. * Of course, other medications exist that might alleviate some of the symptoms of amblathanitis. nonpareil ointment temporarily reduces the s heartying. Another powder relieves the redness. But nothing else exists to cure amblathanitis completely. A few super imperfect substitutes exists. But in that respect are no close substitutes for Amblathan-Plus. Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a monopoly because it is the ONLY seller of a UNIQUE product.* Barriers to entry and Exit * A monopoly is generally assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are (1) government emancipation or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing amount center cost. * Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a few these barriers works in its favor. It has, for example, an exclusive patent on Amblathan-Plus. The government has decreed that Feet-First Pharmaceutical, and only Feet-First Pharmaceutical, has the legal a uthority to produce and sell Amblathan-Plus.* Moreover, the secret ingredient used to produce Amblathan-Plus is obtained from a rare, genetically enhanced, eucalyptus tree grown only on a Brazilian plantation owned by Feet-First Pharmaceutical. Even if another firm k modern how to produce Amblathan and had the legal authority to do so, they would lack access to this essential ingredient. * A monopoly might to a fault face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for come up-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market.Feet-First Pharmaceutical, for example, cannot simply cease the production of Amblathan-Plus. It is essential to the health and welfare of the public. * This barrier to exit is most often applied to public utilities, such(prenominal) as electricity companies, natural gas distribution companies, local telephone companies, and garbage collection companies. These are oft en deemed essential services that cannot be discontinued without leave from a government regulation authority. * Specialized Information * Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others.This alter information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly overlap by all. The ATT telephone monopoly of the late 1800s and early 1900s was largely due to the telephone patent. Pharmaceutical companies, like the hypothetical Feet-First Pharmaceutical, regularly monopolize the market for a specific drug by virtue of a patent. * In addition, a monopoly firm might know something or have a piece of information that is not available to others.This something may or may not be patented or copyrighted. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. * One example o f specialized information is the special, secret formula for producing Amblathan-Plus that is sealed away in an airtight vault deep inside the fortified Feet-First Pharmaceutical headquarters. No one else has this information. CONTRAST Arguably, perfect competition has the advantage of promoting consumer sovereignty, in the signified that the goods and services produced are those that consumers have voted for when spending the pounds in their pockets.When consumer sovereignty exists, the consumer is king. (However, the extent to which consumer choice exists in a perfectly competitive world would be extremely seted. All the firms in a particular market would sell identical goods at an identical price, namely the ruling market price. ) Firms and industries that produce goods other than those for which consumers are prepared to pay, do not survive in perfect competition. By contrast, a monopoly may enjoy producer sovereignty. The goods and services available for consumers to buy are determined by the monopolist rather than by consumer preferences expressed in the market place.Even if producer sovereignty is not exercised on a take-it-or-leave-it basis by a monopoly, the monopolist may still possess sufficient market military force to manipulate consumer wants through such marketing devices as persuasive advertising. In these situations, the producer is king In contrast to perfect competition and once again assuming an absence of economies of scale monopoly equilibrium is twain productively and allocatively inefficient. Figure 6. 6 shows that at the profit-maximising level of output Q1, the monopolists reasonable costs are above the minimum level and that P MC.Thus, compared to perfect competition, a monopoly produces too low an output which it sells at too high a price. The absence of competitive presss, which in perfect competition serve to fleet supernormal profit, mean that a monopoly is also likely to be X-inefficient, incurring average costs at a intimate such as X which is above the average cost curve. A monopoly may be able to survive, perfectly happily and enjoying an voiced life, incurring surplus production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum net profit. This is because barriers to entry protect monopolies.As a result, the absence or weakness of competitive forces means thither is no mechanism in monopoly to eliminate organisational slack. 62 Marginal receipts and price In a perfectly competitive market price equals marginal tax income. In a monopolistic market marginal taxation is less than price. 17 * Product distinction There is zero product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to arrogant product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good.The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. 18 A customer either b uys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without. * Number of competitors PC markets are populated by an infinite number of buyers and sellers. Monopoly involves a single seller. 18 * Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are factors and circumstances that prevent entry into market by would-be competitors and limit new companies from operating and expanding within the market. PC markets have free entry and exit. There are no barriers to entry, exit or competition. Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry.The barriers must be strong enough to prevent or discourage any potential competitor from get in the market. * Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is the percentage mixture of demand caused by a one percent limiting of relative price. A successful monopoly would have a relatively inelastic demand curve. A low coefficient of elasticity is apocalyptic of effective barriers to entry. A PC come with has a perfectly elastic demand curve. The coe fficient of elasticity for a perfectly competitive demand curve is infinite. * bare Profits- Excess or positive profits are profit more than the normal expected replication on investment.A PC company can make excess profits in the presently term but excess profits suck in competitors which can enter the market freely and decrease prices, eventually reducing excess profits to zero. 19 A monopoly can preserve excess profits because barriers to entry prevent competitors from entering the market. 20 * Profit Maximization A PC company maximizes profits by producing such that price equals marginal costs. A monopoly maximises profits by producing where marginal tax equals marginal costs. 21 The rules are not equivalent. The demand curve for a PC company is perfectly elastic flat.The demand curve is identical to the average tax curve and the price line. Since the average tax income curve is constant the marginal tax income curve is also constant and equals the demand curve, hone st taxation is the same as price (AR = TR/Q = P x Q/Q = P). Thus the price line is also identical to the demand curve. In sum, D = AR = MR = P. * P-Max quantity, price and profit If a monopolist obtains control of a formerly perfectly competitive industry, the monopolist would increase prices, reduce production, and realise positive economic profits.22 * Supply Curve in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one to one relationship between price and quantity supplied. 23 In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price there is not a unique quantity supplied. As Pindyck and Rubenfeld note a change in demand can lead to changes in prices with no change in output, changes in output with no change in price or both. 24 Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs.For a specific demand curve the supply curve would be the price/quantity co mbination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. If the demand curve shifted the marginal revenue curve would shift as well and a new equilibrium and supply point would be established. The locus of these points would not be a supply curve in any conventional sense. 2526 The most significant distinction between a PC company and a monopoly is that the monopoly has a declivitous demand curve rather than the perceived perfectly elastic curve of the PC company.27 Practically all the variations above mentioned relate to this fact. If there is a descending(prenominal) demand curve then by emergency there is a distinct marginal revenue curve. The implications of this fact are best made translucent with a linear demand curve. Assume that the opposite word demand curve is of the form x = a by. Then the total revenue curve is TR = ay by2 and the marginal revenue curve is thus MR = a 2by. From this several things are evident. First the marginal revenue curve has the same y intercept as the opponent demand curve.Second the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. Third the x intercept of the marginal revenue curve is half that of the inverse demand curve. What is not instead so evident is that the marginal revenue curve is below the inverse demand curve at all points. 27 Since all companies maximise profits by equating MR and MC it must be the theme that at the profit maximizing quantity MR and MC are less than price which further implies that a monopoly produces less quantity at a higher price than if the market were perfectly competitive.The fact that a monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve means that the relationship between total revenue and output for a monopoly is much different than that of competitive companies. 28 nitty-gritty revenue equals price times quantity. A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is comparative to output. 29 Thus the tot al revenue curve for a competitive company is a ray with a slope equal to the market price. 29 A competitive company can sell all the output it desires at the market price. For a monopoly to increase gross revenue it must reduce price.Thus the total revenue curve for a monopoly is a parabola that begins at the etymon and reaches a maximum value then always decreases until total revenue is again zero. 30 Total revenue has its maximum value when the slope of the total revenue function is zero. The slope of the total revenue function is marginal revenue. So the revenue maximizing quantity and price occur when MR = 0. For example assume that the monopolys demand function is P = 50 2Q. The total revenue function would be TR = 50Q 2Q2 and marginal revenue would be 50 4Q. Setting marginal revenue equal to zero we have 1.50 4Q = 0 2. -4Q = -50 3. Q = 12. 5 So the revenue maximizing quantity for the monopoly is 12. 5 units and the revenue maximizing price is 25. A company with a monopo ly does not experience price pressure from competitors, although it may experience pricing pressure from potential competition. If a company increases prices too much, then others may enter the market if they are able to provide the same good, or a substitute, at a lesser price. 31 The idea that monopolies in markets with easy entry need not be set against is known as the revolution in monopoly theory.32 A monopolist can barect only one premium,clarification needed and getting into complementary markets does not pay. That is, the total profits a monopolist could earn if it sought to supplement its monopoly in one market by monopolizing a complementary market are equal to the extra profits it could earn anyway by charging more for the monopoly product itself. However, the one monopoly profit theorem is not line up if customers in the monopoly good are stranded or poorly informed, or if the tied good has high fixed costs.A pure monopoly has the same economic rationality of perfect ly competitive companies, i.e. to optimise a profit function given some constraints. By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs prices, and control toilsome on a single agent or entrepreneur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production. Nonetheless, a pure monopoly can -unlike a competitive company- alter the market price for its own convenience a decrease of production results in a higher price. In the economics jargon, it is said that pure monopolies have a downward-sloping demand.An important consequence of such behaviour is worth noticing typically a monopoly selects a higher price and lesser quantity of output than a price-taking company again, less is available at a higher price. 33 Sources of monopoly power Monopolies derive their market power from barriers to entry circumstances that prevent or greatly embarrass a potential competitors ability to compete in a market. There are three major types of barriers to entry economic, legal and deliberate. 6 * Economic barriers Economic barriers include economies of scale, capital requirements, cost advantages and technological superiority.7 Economies of scale Monopolies are characterised by decreasing costs for a relatively large range of production. 8 Decreasing costs joined with large initial costs give monopolies an advantage over would-be competitors. Monopolies are often in a position to reduce prices below a new entrants operating costs and thereby prevent them from continuing to compete. 8 Furthermore, the size of the industry relative to the minimum efficient scale may limit the number of companies that can effectively compete within the industry.If for example the industry is large enough to support one company of minimum efficient scale then other companies entering the industry will survive at a size that is less than MES, meaning that these companies cannot produce at an average cost that is competitive with the dominant company . Finally, if long-term average cost is constantly decreasing, the least cost method to provide a good or service is by a single company. 9 Capital requirements Production processes that require large investments of capital, or large research and development costs or substantial sunk costs limit the number of companies in an industry.10 Large fixed costs also make it difficult for a small company to enter an industry and expand. 11 Technological superiority A monopoly may be better able to acquire, integrate and use the best possible technology in producing its goods while entrants do not have the size or finances to use the best available technology. 8 One large company can sometimes produce goods cheaper than several small companies. 12 No substitute goods A monopoly sells a good for which there is no close substitute. The absence of substitutes makes the demand for the good relatively inelastic enabling monopolies to extract positive profits.Control of natural resources A prime s ource of monopoly power is the control of resources that are critical to the production of a final good. Network externalities The use of a product by a person can affect the value of that product to other people. This is the network effect. There is a direct relationship between the proportion of people using a product and the demand for that product. In other words the more people who are using a product the greater the probability of any individual outset to use the product. This effect accounts for fads and fashion trends.13 It also can play a crucial role in the development or acquisition of market power. The most famous current example is the market agency of the Microsoft operating system in personal computers. * Legal barriers Legal rights can provide opportunity to monopolise the market of a good. Intellectual property rights, including patents and copyrights, give a monopolist exclusive control of the production and selling of certain goods. Property rights may give a co mpany exclusive control of the materials infallible to produce a good.* Deliberate actions A company wanting to monopolise a market may engage in various types of deliberate action to exclude competitors or eliminate competition. Such actions include collusion, lobbying governmental authorities, and force (see anti-competitive practices). In addition to barriers to entry and competition, barriers to exit may be a source of market power. Barriers to exit are market conditions that make it difficult or expensive for a company to end its involvement with a market. Great liquidation costs are a primary barrier for exiting.14 Market exit and shutdown are separate events. The decision whether to shut down or drop dead is not affected by exit barriers. A company will shut down if price falls below minimum average variable costs. Monopoly versus competitive markets While monopoly and perfect competition mark the extremes of market structures15 there is some similarity. The cost functions are the same. 16 Both monopolies and perfectly competitive companies minimize cost and maximize profit. The shutdown decisions are the same. Both are assumed to have perfectly competitive factors markets.There are distinctions, some of the more important of which are as follows * Marginal revenue and price In a perfectly competitive market price equals marginal revenue. In a monopolistic market marginal revenue is less than price. 17 * Product differentiation There is zero product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to absolute product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good.The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. 18 A customer either buys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without. * Number of competitors PC markets are populated by an infinite number of buyers and sellers . Monopoly involves a single seller. 18 * Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are factors and circumstances that prevent entry into market by would-be competitors and limit new companies from operating and expanding within the market. PC markets have free entry and exit. There are no barriers to entry, exit or competition. Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry.The barriers must be strong enough to prevent or discourage any potential competitor from entering the market. * Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change of demand caused by a one percent change of relative price. A successful monopoly would have a relatively inelastic demand curve. A low coefficient of elasticity is indicative of effective barriers to entry. A PC company has a perfectly elastic demand curve. The coefficient of elasticity for a perfectly competitive demand curve is infinite. * Excess Profits- Excess or positive profits are profit more than the normal expected r eturn on investment.A PC company can make excess profits in the short term but excess profits attract competitors which can enter the market freely and decrease prices, eventually reducing excess profits to zero. 19 A monopoly can preserve excess profits because barriers to entry prevent competitors from entering the market. 20 * Profit Maximization A PC company maximizes profits by producing such that price equals marginal costs. A monopoly maximises profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. 21 The rules are not equivalent. The demand curve for a PC company is perfectly elastic flat.The demand curve is identical to the average revenue curve and the price line. Since the average revenue curve is constant the marginal revenue curve is also constant and equals the demand curve, Average revenue is the same as price (AR = TR/Q = P x Q/Q = P). Thus the price line is also identical to the demand curve. In sum, D = AR = MR = P. * P-Max quantity, price and profit If a monopolist obtains control of a formerly perfectly competitive industry, the monopolist would increase prices, reduce production, and realise positive economic profits.22 * Supply Curve in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one to one relationship between price and quantity supplied. 23 In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price there is not a unique quantity supplied. As Pindyck and Rubenfeld note a change in demand can lead to changes in prices with no change in output, changes in output with no change in price or both. 24 Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs.For a specific demand curve the supply curve would be the price/quantity combination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. If the demand curve shifted the marginal revenue curve would shift as well and a new equilibrium and supply poin t would be established. The locus of these points would not be a supply curve in any conventional sense. 2526 The most significant distinction between a PC company and a monopoly is that the monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve rather than the perceived perfectly elastic curve of the PC company.27 Practically all the variations above mentioned relate to this fact. If there is a downward-sloping demand curve then by necessity there is a distinct marginal revenue curve. The implications of this fact are best made manifest with a linear demand curve. Assume that the inverse demand curve is of the form x = a by. Then the total revenue curve is TR = ay by2 and the marginal revenue curve is thus MR = a 2by. From this several things are evident. First the marginal revenue curve has the same y intercept as the inverse demand curve.Second the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. Third the x intercept of the marginal revenue curve is half t hat of the inverse demand curve. What is not quite so evident is that the marginal revenue curve is below the inverse demand curve at all points. 27 Since all companies maximise profits by equating MR and MC it must be the case that at the profit maximizing quantity MR and MC are less than price which further implies that a monopoly produces less quantity at a higher price than if the market were perfectly competitive.The fact that a monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve means that the relationship between total revenue and output for a monopoly is much different than that of competitive companies. 28 Total revenue equals price times quantity. A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is proportional to output. 29 Thus the total revenue curve for a competitive company is a ray with a slope equal to the market price. 29 A competitive company can sell all the output it desires at the market price. For a monopoly to increase sales it m ust reduce price.Thus the total revenue curve for a monopoly is a parabola that begins at the origin and reaches a maximum value then continuously decreases until total revenue is again zero. 30 Total revenue has its maximum value when the slope of the total revenue function is zero. The slope of the total revenue function is marginal revenue. So the revenue maximizing quantity and price occur when MR = 0. For example assume that the monopolys demand function is P = 50 2Q. The total revenue function would be TR = 50Q 2Q2 and marginal revenue would be 50 4Q. Setting marginal revenue equal to zero we have 1.50 4Q = 0 2. -4Q = -50 3. Q = 12. 5 So the revenue maximizing quantity for the monopoly is 12. 5 units and the revenue maximizing price is 25. A company with a monopoly does not experience price pressure from competitors, although it may experience pricing pressure from potential competition. If a company increases prices too much, then others may enter the market if they are a ble to provide the same good, or a substitute, at a lesser price. 31 The idea that monopolies in markets with easy entry need not be regulated against is known as the revolution in monopoly theory.32 A monopolist can extract only one premium,clarification needed and getting into complementary markets does not pay. That is, the total profits a monopolist could earn if it sought to leverage its monopoly in one market by monopolizing a complementary market are equal to the extra profits it could earn anyway by charging more for the monopoly product itself. However, the one monopoly profit theorem is not true if customers in the monopoly good are stranded or poorly informed, or if the tied good has high fixed costs.A pure monopoly has the same economic rationality of perfectly competitive companies, i. e. to optimise a profit function given some constraints. By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs prices, and control concentrated on a single agent or entreprene ur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production.