Equity History Essay Example for Free

Equity History EssayEquity was used to refer to the laws that were followed in the English judicial system which supplemented the strict rules that were used on upper side of the already existing common laws to knock over judgments. The conflicts between law and equity can be traced back to the time when England was ruled by kings. At the activate of the 14th century, the judicial systems of law in England could only pass sentences to certain cases and disregarded others that according to the system were non suitable. On top of this, law officials changed the court procedures of listening to claims.Since the legal claims were found on set restrictions, it make the judicial process unfair to the individuals who were denied justice. Remedies however, could be got when petitions were drafted for the king to consider with the hope that he would sport mercy on them. The Court of Chancery The Court of Chancery was one court in England and Wales that followed the Equity system. It was formed under the Lord Chancellors jurisdiction who administered cases on behalf of the King therefore, he served as the judge.During this period, the rules of equity had contract more acceptable in solving cases and that is why they were incorporated in the Court of Chancery. In these courts, decisions were made following st ar decisis and since they were based on equity, they did not rely on the law doctrines. These courts however, were not trusted with most people to pass correct rulings because of its inconsistency. The courts toilsome on what the defendants had done and what they were supposed to do so as to be right with the law other than what the plaintiff might have wanted.Therefore it was upon the courts to pass the decision that would make the defendant put matters right. Equity therefore, lightened the strict laws. The jurisdiction of the courts of equity is different from law courts because the methods used to distinguish from what is right and what is wrong arg on differentiated into two such that what is used in the Courts of Law ar legal and were enforced using the common laws while those in the Equity based courts were equitable.The Courts of Equity are based on mercy and justice therefore have helped the poor people to fight for their rights especially in certain suits where they are unable to file suits such that a counsel will be assigned to them by the courts and they can get certain favors such as they are exempted from paying ordinary fees. Differences in Common Law and Equity The difference between the common law and equity ranges from the way they deal with solutions and alternatives used in solving legal matters. In Equity, there is no jury as it is the duty of the judge to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty.Another distinction between law and equity is that there are differences in the rules are used to pass decisions. In law, decisions made will be based upon the documented legal guidelines while in equity, general g uidelines are followed that will ensure that the sentence passed is fair and just. Equity therefore has no heady rules as sentences can be passed by using doctrines that were used in prior similar cases. But as time progressed, the equity laws changed rapidly to become more rigid hence becoming a system that was used in the English courts.

Teen pregnancy Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Teen pregnancy Research Paper EssaySince 1997 the federal official government has invested millions of dollars in Abstinence Only nurture programs which take up been proven to be ineffective programs. Even though abstinence is the best option for jejunes non to get pregnant, most teens tend to experiment with call forth at young ages. Teens naturally have a sense of curiosity nigh their bodies and the arctic elicit, non to mention that their bodies are going through hormonal changes (puberty). After the Obama Administration created a budget for sex culture programs, teen pregnancies have been declining further than with bonny the contraception movement. As molly Hennessy-Fiske reported in the Los Angeles Times, stir education in schools has helped teens decrease teen pregnancies by 52% in states like calcium (LA Times). Not all states are cooperating with teaching this new curriculum to kids, as shown by Dr. Brian Carr who has said about abstinence only programs, th e birthrate among Texas teens is the 3rd highest in the nation (63.4 per 1,000) with the repeat teen birth rate being the 2nd highest in the nation (Carr).This topic is talked about in todays measure because the teen pregnancy rate has dropped drastically in the U.S., but there is still a need for it to drop it down even further. I intimate that not only sex education should be taught in every state, but should also start to be taught to younger age ranges. In the US there are more teen pregnancies than in any other country. Marjorie Valbrun states, Despite the decline, the U.S. teen birth rate is still much higher than in other developed countries, including Canada, where the rate averaged 14.1 per 1,000 in 2002-2011 Germany, where it was 8.9, and Italy, where the rate was 6.8. The US numbers are 31.3 births per 1,000 girls ages 15-19 in 2011 (Valbrun).There has been a decline in the U.S. in teen pregnancies, most of which is a result of contraceptive use. The other big reason th ere is a drop is because of sex education programs. Advocates of Abstinence Only Education programs argue that their programs are responsible for the recent dramatic decline in teen pregnancy since 1991. As Marcia Clemmitt finds, A study showed that improved contraceptive use, to proscribe HIV/AIDS, is responsible for 86 percent of the decline in the U.S. adolescent pregnancy rate between 1995 and 2002 (Clemmitt).In 2012,There were 29.4 births for every 1,000 adolescent females ages 15-19, or 305,388 babies born to females in this age group (U.S. Department of Health Human Services). This is the lowest level in teen pregnancies in seven decades for the U.S. See take care below. This information does not tell the whole story in every state though. Carr has found why a state like Texas is on the opposite side of the drop, a survey found that a quiet revolution was underway in Texas with abstinence-only instruction being replaced by abstinence-plus sex education programs (although ab stinence-only programs shroud to be the predominant approach in the state) (Carr). Titania Kumeh writes, Unlike in Texas, Californias schools teach comprehensive sex education (29 births per 1,000 teen girls) (Los Angeles Times, 2013). legal community works by teaching teens how and why to delay sex and the steps that they need to take if they become sexually active.The program that has been shown to work is sex education. In a survey that my classmates and I conducted for the ACE Program, we found that the public has shown 71% interest for sex education to be introduced to ages 7 to 14. 93% of the surveyed believe that sex education is a need in our classrooms. Sex education is important for helping teens to understand the changes in their bodies and in their relationships before and during the teenage years. Sex education helps teens to make healthy choices about relationships and sex. There is look for to prove that comprehensive sex education programs give young people the to ols they need to protect themselves from disallow sexual health outcomes. Within our survey we found that the people who mainly learn about sex from their friends are more likely to have sex at an earlier age, whereas if people learned from a teacher or a parent they were more likely to wait and also to use contraceptives.Sex education should be started well before the teenage years. Starting with children, parents should have age appropriate discussions with them about love, relationships, values, and physical anatomy. It is more appropriate to be unresolved and honest while talking to children and teens than to keep the information from them. Boys and girls should know what a penis, scrotum, and vagina are without using substitutes like calling them wee-wee or pee-pee. Parents should not be afraid to answer their kids questions about their bodies or the opposite sex. Withholding the information results in ignorance and, with something as purely natural as sexuality, there is not rattling a reason notto teach about it. Parents should answer their kids more in-depth questions when they are asked (i.e. Where do babies come from?) regardless of the age. If the honest answer is good enough, or the kid is a little confused but wanders off satisfied with the answer, which is great.If children continue to ask more questions, the answers should continue to be honest and presented in a way the kid can understand. If parents make sex education an open topic with their children, the kids will feel more comfortable talking and asking questions about sex and their body changes when they turn into teens. If parents discourage talking or answering questions, teenagers will be looking for answers from their friends and the media. In our survey we found, in the filtered information, that teens are twice as likely to have unprotected sex at younger ages when taught by their friends. It is an important factor to make sure that are kids our taught properly to interdict teen pregnancies.Our country can reduce teen pregnancies by requiring sex education programs in schools and making sure that these schools teach them. My teams research has shown that sex education will work by teaching kids about their bodies, contraception, and making healthy choices. If sex education is started at earlier ages, parents and teens will have a better understanding towards one another and will make healthier choices. I believe that someday, if our country works toward these goals, we all can gain ground from the outcomes of fewer teen pregnancies.Works CitedDr. Brian Carr http//lubbockonline.com/interact/blog-post/dr-brian-carr/2013- 08-02/blind-facts-sex-education-texas-public-schools. Web.Marjorie Valbrun Document APA Citation See Alternate Citation Style Teen sex. (2013, June 15). CQ Researcher. Retrieved from http//0- library.cqpress.com.library.cabrillo.edu/cqresearcher/ . Web.Marcia Clemmitt. (2010, March 26). Teen pregnancy. CQ Researcher, 20, 265- 288. Retrieve d from http//0library.cqpress.com.library.cabrillo.edu/cqresearcher/Molly Hennessy-Fiske. The Los Angeles Times 2/1/2011. Web.Titania Kumeh. The Los Angeles Times 2013. Web.Advocates for Youth. http//www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/409-the-truth-about-abstinence-only-programs. Web.U.S. Department of Health Human Services. http//www.hhs.gov. Web.Graph Birth rates per 1,000 females ages 15-19, by race/ethnicity, 1990-2012. Source Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., Ventura, S. J.(2013). Births prelude data for 2012. Hyattsville, MD National Center for Health Statistics. Web

Examining Murder And Unlawful Killing On People Criminology Essay

Examining Murder And Unlawful Killing On People Criminology EssayInvestigative psychology is an approach the jurisprudence drive in order to inspect criminal behavior. This form of psychology is principal(prenominal)ly used to answer historic questions that arise during the process of criminal investigations. When checking a abuse slam in that respect be three main questions running through the minds of the detectives what be the behavioral features of the perpetrator, what are the characteristics of the wrongdoer, and is it possible that there are other horrors move by the same wrongdoer. According to Jillian Robbins (Stone, 2009l) the behavior of the criminal at the period of the mishap is one of the best forms of evidence to a slip-up. She describes that there are three important behavioral traits that solely detectives look appear for darn inspecting a execration mount the modus operandi, the sig genius and the typology of the wrongdoer.The modus operandi or MO refers to the way the run intoender behaves or acts while softening to carry out his crime successfully. Offenders usually have a strong desire to perform the perfect crime, or to commit a crime without getting caught. As the offender gains experience with each crime he commits, the MO forget also change until the effective regularity is found. This means that an offenders MO will changes through a series of learned behaviors. Richard Quinney points out that police investigators are trained to recognize the MO of the offender only if non to but use the MO to link crimes together. (Clinard, Quinney, 1973) He admits that it is difficult not to jump to conclusions when dealing with identical MOs, especially when the crimes are close in location, but states that including whatsoever evidence without unreason able doubt is a unplayful police error.A signature, commonsly referred to as personation, describes any unusual details at the scene of the crime other than the ones actually readed to commit the crime. Most offenders will leave identical marks at the scenes of each crime they commit. The mark could range from anything equivalent writing on the walls at the scene of the crime to placing the victims body in unusual positions. The signature has a higher level of importance to the investigator be military campaign it is at one time related to the cognitive process that is unique to each offender. (Stone, 2009)The typology is the last major behavioral pattern used to identify the offender. There are three main categories of typologies undoing, staging and trophy. Undoing is when the offender mentally tries to undo the crime scene. This behavioral pattern is most commonly found in offenders who get distraught after the death of their victim. There are many divers(prenominal) ways that the offenders will try to deal with the psychological impact or realization of their crime. Some offenders try to return the victim back to a naturally looking st ate such as laying them down in bed with a remain chthonian their head or dressing them in clean clothes. Other offenders may try to dehumanize the victim by either presenting the victims mettle in, bandaginging the face with material or rolling the victim facedown. In these examples the offender is trying to veil the identity of the victim in order to acquire the crime less personal. (Akers, 1994) The second category of typology is staging. Staging is intentionally altering the crime scene in hopes to distract the investigators. Michael Stone (Stone, 2009) points out that staging is committed by someone other than the offender to either mislead the investigators away from the suspect, or to protect the victims family. The most commonly reported reason for staging is to c all over up auto amorousness or the self-arousal and self-gratification of a sexual desire without a factorner. (Ellis, 1906) The four showcases of autoeroticism are autoerotic hanging, aqua eroticism, chem ical eroticism and self-suffocation. All forms matter in a insufficiency of oxygen that increases sexual stimulation. Two-thirds of the families of these victims st time the crime scene and reposition the body for the victim to look more(prenominal) presentable to authorities. (Ellis, 1906) The last typology is trophy. Offenders who are typed with a trophy typology are those who take a meaningful souvenir from the victim to either remember or to check the crime scene. The trophy could be anything from a picture of the victim to a body part. It is important to note that a trophy typology could be part of the offenders signature.The side by side(p) evidence the investigators look at while inspecting the crime is the organization of the scene. The way the crime scene looks after a crime tells a lot or so the offender. There are three types of crime scenes organised, disorganized and intricate. An organized crime scene steers that the offender maintained control during the rack up. Profilers conclude that an offender of an organized crime scene most likely selected his victim on a specific basis. An example would be a serial killer who selected only victims with blonde whisker and blue eyes. Offenders of organized murder crime scenes have been profiled and interestingly have been classified with specific character traits. These offenders usually have above aver board to iodine IQ levels, are socially adequate, sexually competent, had inconsistent childhood discipline, maintained control during the crime, used alcohol during the crime, live with a partner and have a car that runs in good condition. These offenders plan their crimes methodically. They abduct their victims and kill them in one locations and dispose of the body elsewhere, they are likely to lure their victims with ploys of sympathy, they commonly fanny prostitutes, they demand submission from their victim, they have a high knowledge of forensics and are able to cover their track and they take pride in their actions and follow their case in the media. When questioned, friends and family often describe the offender of organized crime scene as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone. (Bordua, 1962)Disorganized crime scenes prove that the offender most likely committed the crime without premeditation. This shows that the crime was committed under impulse or out of extreme rage. This offender likely murders whenever the opportunity arises having no specific criteria in picking a victim. This offender may have a history of mental problems and is in some all cases socially inadequate. oft the body is left at the place of death and there are no signs of the offender trying to cover their tracks. Profilers report that disorganized crime scene offenders have below average IQ levels, do not h ancient down jobs, are sexually incompetent, are anxious during the crime, live alone, work or live near the crime scene, have a minimal interest in following the crime in the news, leave a ra ndom/ torpid crime scene, commit sexual acts after the death of the victim, leave the body in view of others to see and often leave the weapon behind.A mixed crime scene is one in which there are evidence of an organized is and a disorganized crime scene. The offender usually starts off with an organized intention but when something unplanned interrupts, strays away from his plans and becomes disorganized. Not all crime scenes have the same level of organization to them, it varies for e really scene.After the investigators collect all information based on the characteristics of the crime, they then use the information in a process of profiling. There are two approaches to profiling, the nomothetic approach where statistics from a large second of previous offenders are taken and profilers look for a pattern, or the idiographic approach where the profiler takes once case study and intensely analyzes it. one and only(a) type of profiling is criminal profiling. Criminal profiling ana lyzes the personality traits, habits, features and behavioral patterns found at the crime scene in order to develop a description of the offender. This practice is also cognise as crime scene analysis. When using a nomothetic approach to criminal profiling the investigator is able to see more details because of the normal distribution, but less near the offender themselves. When using the idiographic approach to criminal profiling the investigator comes up with detailed information on the offender. It is almost as if the investigator knows the offender inside and out. A flaw to this method is that the investigator is unable to compare the offender to other offenders which leads to the possibility of forcing a profile on an offender it does not be unyielding to. This phenomena is knows as confirmation bias or fitting the pieces that work and ignoring the ones that do not work. Another form of profiling is geographic profiling. Geographic profiling is used to determine either the ar ea of residence of the offender or to send for the area of the next possible crime. This form of profiling is basically done to find which geographic location the offender feels most consolationable in and prefers to take victims in. (Beauregard, Proulx, Rossmo, 2005) Profiling is extremely usefully to investigators especially in multiple murder crimes. With the use of this system, authorities are able to narrow down people and locations in catch the offenders before they strike again. Dr. Grover Godwin believes that obtaining the dumpsite plus the abduction site drastically improves the ability to pin point the offenders place of residence. The downfall to geographical profiling is that profilers need at least five crimes to find a pattern. This means that the offender continues to take lives before this process can take effect. Many profilers argue that when the offender exhibits some form of mental illness at the scene of the crime such as sadistic torture, evisceration, postmo rtem slashing and cutting, and other mutilations, the profiling of serious offenders is more successful. This is a result based from the theory that when a person is mentally disturbed they demonstrate the greatest consistency in behavior from built in bed to situation.Another strategy the investigators use to determine the offender is the psychological autopsy. This is a reconstructive psychological evaluation that differs from profiling. Here the profiling is done on a dead person, and the identity of the person is already cognise. There are two types of psychological autopsies. The first type is suicide psychology autopsy and it is used to visit and identify factors that contribute to the suicide. The second type is the equivocal death psychological autopsy and it is used to determine the reason of the death.In both the suicide psychological autopsy and the equivocal death psychological autopsy, a forensic psychologist is hired. The forensic psychologist looks at the lifestyle s, behavioral history, personality traits, and the amount of psychological pain the victim was in. They support interviews with family, friends, and people who knew the victim. The forensic psychologist also looks through the victims personal documents in order to get a better understanding of the cause of death. Once the investigators know the debate behind the murder they are able to start narrowing down suspects.Now that we have a base understanding of the strategies investigators use to expose offenders, it is time to compare and define each different category of multiple murder offenders. First off, multiple murders are the killing of many people either in the same occurrence or over a period of time. Although these events are rare, they are highly publicized and remain in the memories of many people. There are three classifications of multiple murderers serial murderers, mass murderers and pander murderers.A serial murderer is when one person kills a minimum of three people over time. The time period contains a cooling off period in which the offender will not kill the next victim for weeks, months or sometimes even years. This cooling off period is the main difference betwixt serial murderers and other multiple murderers. The majority of serial murderers are single albumen masculines who are highly intelligent with above average IQ levels. They commonly have trouble holding down jobs and come from unstable homes where typically the fuss abandoned the family and the develop raised the children. They are often ill-treat physically, mentally or emotionally and the abuse is usually by an older male kind that the offenders let brought in to replace to offenders father. As children, serial murderers commonly display what has come to be known as the triad being fascinated with attempt roam togetherting, bedwetting after the age of 12, and displaying sadistic activities or the torture of small animals. They show characteristics of anti-social pers onality disorder at a young age and they tend to lack empathy and guilt when disciplined and are egocentric and impulsive. The crime scene left by a serial murderers may be organized or disorganized. consecutive murders are known to kill for different motives. Hagan categorizes the motives of the offenders into three groups visionary, mission oriented and hedonistic. (Hagan, 2010) A visionary motive is when the offender suffers from a psychotic break and believes that some other person or even god or the devil instructs them to kill. A mission oriented motive is when the offender justifies his act by saying they are ridding the world of a specific type of person, an example being homosexuals or prostitutes. These offenders are not psychotic they are only out to change the nature of society. An offender with a hedonistic motive seeks thrill and pleasure from killing. They see people as expendable. There are three different types of hedonistic motives lust, thrill, comfort and power/ control. A hedonistic lust motive shows sex as the primal motif. Fantasy plays a large role in these killings. It doesnt matter to the offender if the victim is dead or alive while committing sexual acts. Offenders report sexual gratification levels raised the more tortured and mutilated the victim is. The weapons of prize are usually those that require close range. The time between each murder decreases as the offender continues to kill. The second hedonistic motive is thrill. Thrill murderers primary motif is to induce pain of cause terror to the victim. They seek adrenalin rushes by hunting and killing their victims. These offenders kill just for the thrill of it and have no sexual aspect to the murder. The victims are str yellow biles although the killer may have followed the victim for a period of time. These killers can abstain from killing for long periods of time. They refine their murder method after each kill in an attempt to become more successful. The next hedonistic m otive is comfort. A comfort offender kills for a material gain or for a more comfortable lifestyle. The victims are usually family members or friends. After the murder the offender usually waits a long period of time before killing again to lower suspicion levels. The offenders are usually females and kill with poison. Most comfort killers have previous convictions for fraud, misapplication or theft. The last hedonistic motive is power/control in which the offender kills to exert power over the victim. These offenders were usually abused as children, do an inadequate or powerless feeling as an adult. The offenders often sexually abuse the victims but the abuse is not motivated by lust, it is motivated by domination.Female serial murderers are classified separately then male serial murderers because of the drastic differences between them. Only one-third of female serial killers killed strangers (Benekos, 1995) compared to males who almost always killed strangers. The victims of fe male serial killers are almost always husbands, ex-husbands, or current lovers. They murder for personal gain such as insurance benefits, will allocations or estate. Sexual or sadistic motives are extremely rare and psychopathic traits and documentation of child abuse is commonly reported in these offenders. The method of preferred killing is usually poison or low profile. Evidence suggests that females are less violent and less aggressive. Female serial killers are known to have a borderline personality disorder and a lack of empathy. Female serial murdering is very rare and the rate of re-crime is less often than males.Profilers report that there are greatest guess areas for serial killers to pick their victims from. Jenkins (1994) suggests that the availability of perspective victims and the attitudes of law enforcement agencies toward those victims play a crucial role when choosing a victim. Reports show that serial murderers pick their potential victims on the basis of flacc id escape and the vulnerability level of the victim. The prefer killing in a place with easy access and the option to leave the vicinity without causing alarm. Urban subcultures and areas with isolated landscape are the most preferred killing location. Areas that contain high levels or elderly or poor people are the second preferred location. The derelict areas within a city appear to be a common target location, also young women in or near a college campus. Victims are often prostitutes, runaways and homosexuals.Most serial killing has occurred in the western states suggesting that it is a result of lifestyle, economic conditions and availability of potential victims. Serial killers tend to select victims near their homes or workplaces. 14 percent of serial killers use their homes or workplaces as the preferred location, whereas another(prenominal) 52 percent commit their murders in the same general location or region, such as the same neighborhood or city. (Hickey) All serial offe nders are classified as having one of four different hunting patterns hunter, poacher, troller, and trapper. The hunter chooses his victim near his place of residence. The poacher travels to another location to find his victim. The troller meets his victim in an opportunistic manner and the trapper has a job which allows him to meet his victim in the area he happens to be working in.Although it is most common for serial killers to be while, Walsh found that nearly 22% or serial killers in the United States have been black. He points out the there is extensive media coverage of white serial killers in the United States, but black serial killing goes unpublicized. The extensive media coverage of Bundy, Gacy, and Berkowitz cases have do these killers almost habitationhold names, but African Americans such as Watts, Johnson, Francois, and Wallace are practically unknown, despite having operated within the same general framework (1980s and 1990s). (Walsh, 2005)The second type of multip le murderers is known as the mass murderer. A mass murderer is a person who kills three or more individuals with-out a cooling off period. These offenders intentionally and indiscriminately kill often trying to exterminate full groups of communities. The victims are often picked due to their ethnicity or religion. The killing occurs in one single location and the killer often commits suicide after completing the act. Mass murderers are divided into five different groups perverted love, politics and hate, revenge/workplace, intersection point tamper and instill shootings. The different groups pertain to the reasoning behind the offender when killing.A perverted love offender kills out of low gear. There are two different types of perverted love offenders family murder/suicide and family killing. Family murder/ suicide are when an individual is unable to differential between himself and his family. He sees his family members as part of himself. He believes that if he isnt able to find happiness for himself then his extended self (family) is unable to find happiness also. This offender will kill his entire family before taking his own life. He truly believes he is saving his family from future suffering. This offender is egocentric and does not allow the family to have a different opinion that he does. The second type or perverted love is family killing. This offender kills to protect his family. The killing does not involve suicide. An example of family killing is a father of his daughters son killing his entire family when his wife threatens to divorce him. His reasoning for killing was to protect the family name.The next type of mass murder is classified under politics and hate. This type of murder is more commonly known as suicide bombers. The offenders believe that they are doing well for the world because they are eliminating a number of people who have different views than they do. The offender is usually single, between the ages of 17 and 33 and has some or full high school education. The victims are random. A different, subtype under suicide bombers are set and run killers. They have the same intentions as suicide bombers but instead of taking their own life they set killing devices in motion and flee.A different reasoning behind mass murder is revenge. These offenders want to payback someone who has humiliated them. They do not accept blame for their actions but instead are irrational and blame others. The revenge offender is known as the disgruntled employee. These offenders see their career as the only meaningful part of their lives. The attack usually formulates when the offender sees his salary or status as disappearing or having no chance for opportunity. They are incapable of coping with their problems by change. The average age of this killer is 38 he experiences frequent chronic isolation and has no significant criminal record. His labialize is planned and his victims are specifically chosen. The victims appear to be either the boss of the offender, a co-worker who recently received a promotion, or a socially adequate co-worker.The fourth categories of mass murders are those involved with product tampering. These offenders sabotage a commercial product usually for commercial gain. The offender usually expects pecuniary gain either through litigation on behalf of the victim (wrongful death), through extortion, or through business operations. (Ressler, 1992) The most common method of product tampering it to inject cyanide into products. Cyanide is the poison of choice because of its potency and availability. When news gets out that there is a problem with a product, many cases are illegitimately filed by false complaints from people seeking monetary claims.School shootings are the last category of mass murder. School shootings are very rare but highly publicized. Investigations show that there are two common characteristics of school shooters peer rejection and social rejection. 70% of school s hooters were termed loners by fellow classmates. 62% abused drugs or alcohol and 43% were bullied by others. (Bordua, 1962) These offenders have a history of violence including violence toward people, humans and property. They often report having violent fantasies, atypical depression and mixed personality disorders. School shooters typically kill in pairs, have easy access to extractarms, and have told at least one person about their plan to kill which is typically very detailed. Other students usually encourage the attacks. The victims of school shooters are usually students who bullied, harassed or picked on the offender. Almost of school shooters made suicidal gestures before attacking. The academic standings of school shooters range from failing to excellent. The family situation or home life of the offender may range from very good to bad, and most offenders engage in some behavior that caused concern of indicated a need for help.The next type of multiple murderers is the c rack killer. A spree offender kills two or more victims in a short duration without a cooling off period. They kill at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders. (US Bureau of Justice Statistics) It is the lack of the cooling off period that marks the difference between spree killers and serial killers.Lastly is the angel of death. The angel of death is a person who incurs a career out of killing others. They are usually pull to the medical fields. These offenders will take the life of their patient only because they have the power to. They make the death look to others like a natural cause when the reality is that the person would have made it. Something they torture their victims with unusual medications. These offenders have pathological interests in the power of life and death.Now we are going to make a transition from pre-identification of the offender to a method of understanding the reasoning behind to offenders action after they have been caught. The investigator will first ask the offender series of questions relating back to their childhood until the present day. This is to get an understanding of why the offender believes he murdered. This will also show the lifestyles of the offender and helper in future research of early risk factors. Next the offender will be tested for any psychotic disorders and then will submit to a forensic hypnosis. The hypnosis can bring forward long-forgotten or even repressed childhood memories. This process will either cause hypnotic hyper dimout which is the enhancement or revival of memory or it will cause non-hypnotic hyper amnesia which is the revival of memories through non-hypnotic methods such as free association, fantasy and render techniques. The investigator will try to obtain as many specific details as possible from the offender to help with future research. Unfortunately there is limited research available on and multiple murder situations where the offender commits suicide. This is because the facts and resources are limited to anything left behind by the offender instead of enter reporting straight from the offender himself.Up to this point we have been discussing the methods of investigation and the characteristics and profiles of each type of multiple murderers. Now we are going to look at a few famous cases of multiple murderers and point out the evidence of crime scene investigation, profiling, and classification into serial killing, mass murder or spree murder.The first case we are going to look at is Ted Bundy. Ted Bundy fits the typical serial killer classification to a T. He is a white male who is in his 20s or 30s and experienced an atypical childhood. He went on a three year killing spree eventually confessing to 30 different murders. He used his good looks to lure victims and often pretended he was injured to get sympathy. When looking at the personality of Ted Bundy he displays certain early risk factors. He was born to an unwed mother whose parents wanted to avoid the social stigma of having an illegitimate grandchild born to a young mother. As a result Teds grandparents claimed him as their own and Ted grew up believing that his mother was actually his sister. No one knows who his biological father was and he was not told the truth about his mother until his second year of college.Another early risk factor for Bundy was that he began showing violence at only 15 years old. His Aunt Julia recalls an incident of lying down for a nap in her home and waking up to find knives surrounding her and a smiling three year old Bundy at her side. He was assumed to have picked up some of his ways by following his grandfather as a role model. His grandfather was known to have tortured animals, abuse the family dog, and was even said to have swung the neighborhood cats around by their tails. Ted was said to have been fascinated my mutilating animals. He was known to be a habitual liar. He compulsively stole and shoplifter. He later cl aimed that he was also involved in voyeurism at a young age specifically by peeping into peoples windows and was arrested twice as a juvenile. Although it is impossible to predict who will become a serial killer, Bundy portrayed many predictive behaviors including pitilessness to animals, bedwetting, lying, drugs and alcohol abuse, and an extended history of violence.Anti-social personality disorder is a mental disorder defined as the essential feature for the diagnosis is a permeating pattern of disregard for and violations of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. (Clinard, Quinney, 1973) Deceit and manipulation are considered essential features in this disorder. The individual must be age 18 or older as well as have a documented history of a conduct disorder before the age of 15. People having anti-social personality disorders are also know as sociopaths and psychopaths. Bundy had many aspects of anti-social personality disorder. He failed to conform to social norms. When he began sneaking out of his house and peeping into other peoples windows he reported those behaviors to be sexually arousing and often masturbated while doing them. He was deceitful. He had a disregard for safety of others. He occasionally would incapacitate a womans car to make her more vulnerable, without actually doing anything to her. (Hickey, 1997) He lacked remorse. He brutally murdered thirty women and was so irrational about it he did not believe he did anything wrong. Bundy suffered from both psychopathic disorders and antisocial personality disorder. He was classified as manic depressive and a narsopath. He showed symptoms of the psychopathic triad (bedwetting, fire setting, and torturing animals).Bundy used the same hunting pattern nearly every time. He drove a VW Beetle in which he would remove the rider seat when he went out hunting. He used his wit and charm on females to get them to come over to his car and then he would beat each girl over the head with an iron crow bar. The semi-conscious victim was then dragged out of the car and driven to Bundys murder site, Taylor Mountain. He would then put a mask on and use hand cuffs or rope to give his victims and even more helpless appeal. He chose his murder destination sagely because he knew he would be undisturbed while he raped and killed. After finishing, Bundy would bury the body and drive back home to Seattle to resume his levelheaded life.Although Bundy displayed many patterns of hunting, he was classified as a Troller mainly because he would be out and randomly encounter his next victim which he would then stalk until ready to kill. He also showed characteristics of a trapper by luring young women to his aid with a fake cast, posing as a police officer, and using his charm to seduce and take advantage of his victims. Bundy kept body parts to preserve the high he got from killing. This classifies him as a trophy offender. His modus operand i was unify women over the head with an iron bar and strangling them.Having a troublesome childhood and being lied to at an early age put Bundy at risk for conduct disorders. He was then made fun of at school and only dated twice in his life before stretchiness college. He did not want the companionship of a woman but only the popularity that came along with having one. He walked around with beautiful females just for the attention, just to be noticed. He did not trust women throughout his life. He lacked a good bond with females and combining that with his very stimulated sexual nature took out his anger towards females in the wrong way.The next case I want to look at is the Columbine uplifted School massacre. On April 20, 1999 two students of Columbine High School, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, led a massacre which killed 13 people and injured 21 others before taking their own lives.Early warning signs arose when Eric Harris first created a hugger-mugger website on American O nline where he posted blogs which told of his anger against society. He included death threats about a former friend of his, Brooks Brown. He also had a blog about his negative thoughts towards parents, school and his friends. He began writing how-tos including how to cause mischief and how to make explosives. He blogged about the detailed trouble that himself and Dylan were causing.His blogs were very low profile and no one really knew or payed much attention to the boys writings until Brooks Browns mother was informed of the website and read the death threats against her son. Browns mother made multiple complaints to the sheriff department about the site but wasnt taken seriously until it was di

Cathartic Effects of Aggression: Theories

Cathartic Effects of Aggression TheoriesTan Hui MinPsychology the systematic study of mental and behavioural processes (Coon Mitterer, 2012)stemmed from Wilhelm Wundts plungeing of the branch laboratory in experimental psychological science in 1979. Wundt presented his disc everywhereies close to the valet mind and behaviour in public lectures and soon had halls of people learning nigh his theories and experiments (Abbott, 2012, para. 7). Some even started setting up their own experimental laboratories and taking up the new science (Abbott, 2012, para. 7). However, many people see psychology as common sense because psychological findings and research all seem self-evident (Dean, 2008). This essay will touch on three tenabilitys as to why psychology is not just common sense based on a common sense topic that frustrated people tend to vent their evoke on inanimate objects for mood repair.People who believe in the value of cathartic show feel worse after aggressiveness. Bushma n, Baumeister, and Phillips (2001) conducted a study whereby a group of participants had their emotional states assessed immediately after manipulated provocations (p. 25). Provocations include receiving negative feedback of their essays and blasts of noises of high intensity from an separate participant during the competitive time reaction depute (Bushman, Baumeister, and Phillips, 2001, p. 19-20). They found that participants were emotionally negatively tingeed by the stimuli and felt more hostile feelings towards the provoker. This is supported by Boharts (1980) study which found that after recalling about a recent incident that irritati angiotensin converting enzymed them, participants in the discharge group showed more anger and hostile attitudes compared to intellectual analysis, role play, and control groups, based on the level of aversive noise each participant gave as punishment to a subject whenever a mistake was made on the learning task (p. 193). A louder noise admini stered meant higher feelings of ill will. Ebbesen, Duncan and Konecni (1974) tested whether subjects who were being laid off their jobs would summation or decrease in verbal aggression compared to those who were leaving their jobs for other reasons when induced to aggress verbally against the company, their supervisor, themselves, or to talk about neutral topics. The results indicated that when angered subjects directed verbal aggression at a specic target, their concomitant verbal aggression increased only when it was directed at the same target. It was also discovered that individuals with higher levels of testosterone responded more hard-hittingly to social provocations (Mehta Beer, 2009, p. 2363). Aggression is consequently relatively useless at getting rid of anger and frustration even though positive feelings are increased during the act of venting. Be it as it may, why is it that the mass media still constantly supportting the idea of the catharsis hypothesis through me diums like self-help books, magazines, and television (Shaffer Merrens, 2001)?Angry people feel better when venting their anger through a cathartic process. This popular belief is known as the catharsis theory (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 18). The theory sees emotions as entities that will build up and cause internal pressure if they are not expressed, leading to physiological harm (Bohart, 1980, p. 192). The repression of negative feelings without release may be due to the fear of requital or punishment from the provocateur, like in the case of when the source is an employer, thereof constraining direct aggression (Dollard, creeping windmill grass, Miller, Mowrer, Sears, 1939). Aggression is any behaviour that is intended to get down harm on an unwilling person (Bushman Anderson, 2001, p. 274). A study found that angry people did positively enjoy some of the cathartic activities, such as ca-cating a punching bag ( Bushman et al., 1999). Since catharsis supports rumination, which is study investigated whether if getting rid of anger by rumination works better than by distraction. angered participants hit a punching bag and thought about the person who had angered them (rumination group) or thought about becoming physically fit (distraction group). The venting of anger is thus considered a healthy act and people in anger would often hear advice like let if off your chest and dont nursing bottle your anger up inside from their friends (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 18).The effectiveness of the expression of negative emotions on mood applies differently for different genders. Bushman, Baumeister and Philips (2001) conducted a study which examined how mood-freeze manipulation and pro-catharsis messages affect aggressive behaviour (p. 19). fractional the subjects in the pro-cathartic group would read a counterfeit newspaper article supporting the venting of anger by hitting a pillow, while the other half in the anti-cathartic group would read one discouraging the venting of anger by hitting a pillow (Bushman, Baumeister and Philips, 2001, p. 25). Half of the participants in the mood-freeze manipulation group were told that the pill, Bramitol, would freeze their mood for an hour after consumption (Bushman, Baumeister and Philips, 2001, p. 20). The other half were free to control their moods. It was found that for women, the venting of anger improved their mood only when their believe that their moods are open to change, as ob pay heedd from the female participants reporting that they felt more positive feelings following aggression in the changeable mood condition compared to those in the mood-freeze condition (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 28). As for men, they were found to be generally more aggressive than women (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 20) and that those who most believed in the susceptibility of venting felt the least improvement in their moods after venting their anger in the changeable mood condition (Bushman, Baumeister, Phillips, 2001, p. 28). This observation can be supported by The evidence of how different men and women handle their emotions shows that the effectiveness of catharsis venting differs between genders.Angry impulses and hostile tendencies are not decreased by acting aggressively.It was found that when given the chance to aggress nonverbally against their tormentors, angry participants engaged in less nonverbal aggression afterwards (Doob, 1970 Doob and Wood, 1972 Konecni and Doob, 1972 Konecni, 1973). However, an opposite effect was witnessed for verbal aggression (DeCharms Wilkins, 1963 Kahn, 1966). the annoyer is still derogated and highly disliked at the end of the experiment (Konecni, 1973 Konecni and Doob, 1972). Konecni and Doob (1972) found that nonverbal aggression directed at a scapegoat reduced future nonverbal aggression directed at ones tormentor. If verbal hostility does serve the same function as covert rumination abou t ones plight, then generalization from scapegoat to tormentor might well be expected to occur. Doob (1972) found that nonverbal aggression directed at someone reduced future nonverbal aggression directed at ones tormentor.Showed that verbally expressing ones boiling anger toward a given entity increases subsequent verbal aggression towards the same entity but does not affect how their emotions are directed at others (p. 198-199) The angered subjects were more hostile towards the company after telling the personnel manager negative things about the company and that the increase in hostility was signicantly enhanced by the comparable interview session.However, in Boharts study, the overall difference between catharsis and the other measures narrowed over several sessions, suggesting that venting through a cathartic process requires time and practice in order for the dilution of negative feelings to be effective (Bohart, 1980, p. 194). This is probably the reason why the belief in cat harsis survives today despite all the contrary research findings.In essence, the common sense belief in the cogency of catharsis can be proven prepare by some psychologists and otherwise by others. The field of psychology really involves data collection of human thought process and behaviour though scientific or observational means to prove a common sense hypothesis either correct or false. Many of our intuitions have been rectified through the years and like the intuition that the release of anger on a pillow lessens feelings of aggression, we cannot always see on common sense to reason things. Psychology is therefore not just common sense, but also based on proper research, meticulous testing, and applications of theory.ReferencesEbbesen, E. B., Duncan, B., Konecni, V. J. (1975). Effects of content of verbal aggression on future verbal aggression A field experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 11, 192-204. Retrieved from http//konecni.ucsd.edu/pdf/1975%20Conten t%20Verb.%20Agg%20JESP.pdf

Albert Camus The Outsider Meursault

Albert Camus The Outsider MeursaultStatement of intentThis assignment is based on Albert Camus The Outsider. One of the classic examples of an existentialist novel, The Outsider tells the story of an unremarkable man, living a ingenuous, bachelor existence in Algeria. He is unmoved by his mothers death, and a day after begins a heat affair with Marie Cordona. He soon after becomes involved in a violent murder and is placed on trial. Because of his refusal to lie and give in to societys demands ( supposeing to feel grief and remorse), he eventu eachy condemns himself and is put to death.In this assignment I wish to convey Marie Cordonas feelings about Meursault and her view of his case. Marie is a simple, uncomplicated girl who bangs life, appears to fall in love easily, wants to marry Meursault and live a normal life. Though she is slightly shocked when Meursault tells her that his mother died only a day before their meeting at the pool, she does non rethink spending time with him or watching a comedy with him.Like Meursault, Marie fool aways pleasure in physical contact she often kisses him and enjoys the act of sex. However, Meursaults attachment for Marie is purely physical while her affection for him evokes a deeper sentimental and emotional attachment. At first she doesnt understand Meursaults character and is taken aback by his impassiveness of love She asked me if I loved her. I told her that it didnt mean anything merely that I didnt think so. She looked sad. When Meursault expresses the same attitude towards marriage, again she is confusedHowever, though she may be disappointed, she never considers ending the relationship or does non rethink her desire to marry him and indeed, throughout the novel I believe she starts to gain an acceptance of his behaviour, an disposition perhaps. Her attraction towards him seems, in fact, to stem from the fact that she is intrigued by his persona, his strange behavior seems to be part of his appeal for her She mumbled that I was peculiar, that that was probably why she loved me but that one day I might disgust her for the very same reason.Marie remains loyal to Meursault when he is arrested and put on trial, she visits him in prison and writes him earn and then testifies in his favor during the court case. She remains faithful and hopeful and imagines a life once Meursault is let out she was still smilingshe shouted again, Youll accomplish out and well get married Marie never expresses appall or anger towards Meursault or his actions, she never doubts that he is an innocent man and that the crime he committed does not reflect his sure selfMarie burst into tears and said it wasnt like thatshe knew me and I hadnt done anything wrong However, because Marie stays hopeful throughout, she never reaches the understanding Meursault attains at the end. While Meursault realizes and accepts the indifference of the universe, Marie never understands the redemptive value of abandoning hope, and her hope is therefore shattered when Meursault is eventually put to death.For the purpose of this assignment, it has been imagined that there were just about sort of funeral proceedings after Meursaults execution. after all, though his strange behaviour remained a mystery to most(prenominal) that surrounded him, many did not judge him and certain him as he was, knowing that, despite his actions he was not an evil man, nor did he have a criminal mind.By assuming that there were funeral proceedings, a situation is created where a eulogy from the perspective of one of the people of Meursaults close entourage wouldve been spoken out. Marie, having been intimately involved with him and having been one of those who observed and tried to essay him, seems to be an appropriate choice for this task.A eulogy should be personal it shares happy memories, tells anecdotes and describes the persons character. It also aims to express the values that were important to the deceased, highlights ac complishments and career or educational merits. The aim of this assignment is therefore to do this from Maries point of view, about Meursault.The eulogyI once asked Meursault if he loved me.It doesnt mean anything he replied, but I dont think so.One would naturally feel offended by such a response, and I wasat first. But I soon came to understand that this was Meursault. This was Meursault in his all his splendor and it is for this peculiar nature of his that I believe I was attracted to him, loved him even.I first met Meursault when I was working as a typist in the big businessman where he worked. He had always struck me as handsome young man, charming and somewhat mysterious. We had connected and enjoyed each others company. However it was short lived as I soon found a job elsewhere and left the company. I had not seen him for several months when we bumped into each other at the bathing station at the portIt is true that I wouldnt have thought for a single moment that his mother had died only a day earlier we spent a wonderful afternoon swimming and enjoying the sun together, I was happy, he was happy, and we just entangle so comfortable around each other that we engaged in a relationship that very day.I was slightly taken aback when he told me his mother had died the day before, and it didnt seem natural that he would he take me out to see a Fernandel film after such an event, but I must admit that I had soon forgotten about it. After all we were both just two young people, enjoying an easy life, a life that, for Meursault, in spite of everything had not really changed. So why were we to reave ourselves?Meursault was an intelligent man, though not ambitious. He valued his simple yet exotic life, over a wealthier career opportunity in Paris. He enjoyed the simple pleasures in life lazing on the beach, swimming in the sea, going to cinemas It is always something I loved about spending time with him, I always felt carefree, relaxed, beautiful. I could alway s be myself around him, he never judged or complained. Ill miss our beach excursions, our romantic nights to the cinema, and our playful adventures in the sea.Meursault was uninterested in grieving death, proposing marriage, loving even. But he had a passion for something I believe to be much more admirable. Honesty was what I valued most in him. He was an honest man, purely and sometimes painfully, and maybe he did not love me in the conventional sense of the word, but he was in love with something much greater, something our society today seems to value less and less Meursault was stubbornly yet admirably in love with truth.I still cerebrate visiting him at the prison I was so full of hope and blind determination that when it would all be over, we would be married, and we would go swimming again, we would enjoy life together. Maybe I thought the jury would be able to see the man he really was, the man I knew, and would spare him.Yes, he did kill a man. Yes, he never showed grief for his mothers death. But he was no murderer. He was a criminal only to our societys rules and codes of conduct. Is it wrong not to pretend grief? Not to pretend remorse? Love? In this conventional society yes pretending and lying would have saved Meursault. But he was true to himself, he refused to be a hypocrite and pretend to emotions he did not feel and for that I believe he cannot be blamed.Unfortunately it is for that reason that he was condemned and that he is no longer here with us today. But I hope that all of you gathered here now, think of him like I do, not as a murderer, not as a criminal, but as a man who, without any heroic pretensions, agreed to give his life for the truth. And for this I believe he deserves our respect and admiration.Meursault, je taime.

Community Service Essay -- Volunteering Volunteerism Essays

Community ServiceI have always been involved in companys that perform community service projects. In fact, I was recently elected to as VP of Public Relations of the Student MOVE group. We are a group of 12 individuals that are the advisory committee for all of the community service organizations on campus, but we organize many alternative activities and events. I even did a service learning project for my Spanish class last semester with Cynthia Wells. I attended the Spanish mass every Sunday, and I was a greeter. I larn their culture and rituals while still attending the usual Catholic Mass. Upon learning that I had to do a service learning project for Ethics class, I immediately began brainstorming ideas. I decided I was going to work on a website for the Esprit De Corp group since they could not find anyone to do it. However, I ended up getting paid for so that did not work out. So I had two back-up plans. My first idea is that I was going on an AWOL trip for Spring B reak. AWOL stands for Alternative Weekend of Offsite Learning. We spent a week in Denver doing various community service projects. Now, that was a week of community service, but it wasnt done in Iowa. So I took the initiative of doing some service in beleaguer Lake. One day after mass at St. Marys Catholic Church, Fr. Klein approached me. He asked me if I wanted to process out by leading a baulk retreat for 90 Storm Lake juniors that would be confirmed in a couple of weeks. I figured it would be a perfect opportunity to help out the community and maybe even help myself spiritually.AWOL Trip to DenverI was one of twelve kind-hearted individuals that went on an AWOL trip to Denver, Colorado. We worked at various places includ... ...Denver. Its a priceless moment that money cannot buy. Working at the confirmation retreat at St. Marys taught me how to help require on my faith as a Catholic. The church is a non-profit group just like any other non-profit group here in Sto rm Lake. I must say that helping people my own age is much different than helping children. I did not get the smiles like I did working with the children. However, I received a ton of self-satisfaction giving the speech on confirmation. I also understood more about motivation. I am pretty intrinsically motivated. I do not need money, bribes, or incentives to do work. I get can motivate myself to help others with self-satisfaction. I really enjoyed the service learning projects I participated in. I wish more professors made their students extend their learning beyond the classroom and move it out to the community.

Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women and Harriet

Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women and Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave GirlAlthough Mary Wollstonecraft and Harriet Jacobs personifyd almost three hundred years apart from one another, the basic undercurrent of both of their work is the same. Wollstonecraft was a feministbefore her time and Jacobs was a freed slave who wanted to a greater extent than just her own freedom. Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Jacobs Incidents In the Life of a Slave Girl, Written By Herself were both revolutionary texts that were meant to proclaim changeand the liberation of a group of people. For Wollstonecraft, this was women for Jacobs, it wasthe slaves. On the surface, these two works do not seem to be much related, but it is in this ideaof liberation that they are deeply connected. Even though these very different women were writing in two very different worlds, they both still sway to get across the idea that it is in the tyranny of slavery, mentally or physically, that ones true self is lost. The oppression of a persons free leave through the tyranny of slavery or absence of womens rights are virtually the same thing they both suppress a persons natural identity and the nevertheless way to liberation is through theeducation and humanization of those being oppressed. The first key idea in both Wollstonecrafts and Jacobs texts is that women and slaves are only define by those who own them, they cannot define themselves. Both women write of thedehumanization that slaves and women experience. Wollstonecraft says that women in her timeare simply objects of desire, instructed to play the feminine role, ...enfeebled by false refineme... ...ps a person of all dignity and humanity, all free-will gone. In both cases it is impossible to deny the implications for a loss of identity. If a person is stripped of choice, denied an education, and trained to live within the false restrictions of society, is impossib le for them to have an identity. Works CitedJacobs, Harriet. Incidents In the Life of A Slave Girl, Written By Herself. The Pearson Custom Library of American Literature. Ed. bathroom Bryant et al. Compiled for English 370B, Spring 2005. Boston Pearson Custom Publishing, 2003. Pages 418-77.Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication on the Rights of Woman. The Longman Anthology of British Literature Volume 2A- The Romantics and Their Contemporaries. Ed. Susan Wolfson and Peter Manning. New York Longman, 2003. Pages 230-257.